Roles, Relationships and Responsibilities in Lifelong learning Essay

Jobs, Relationships and Responsibilities in Lifelong learning - Essay Example The strict lessons must not be planned for spreading the exercises of a specific religion to impact the thought, musings and convictions of the students. Such demonstrations of strict educating are denied by the law. The lessons of various religion and confidence are, nonetheless, not disallowed. The instructing of strict training ought not be one-sided and should give equivalent regard to the confidence and conviction of the considerable number of religions. The administrative necessities in spite of the fact that forces confinements on the schools to confer strict instruction on a specific conviction or confidence yet permits adaptability to the instructing of strict training in the conditions of the time and procedure of investigation of strict thoughts and convictions for scattering to the students. The codes of training for instructing of strict training offers freedom to the educators of strict training to draw in into instructing of the same number of strict exercises and conf idence to the understudies however prohibits control or weight on a specific religion. In this way the job of instructors is significant in building up a non-one-sided condition during the way toward educating. There is plentiful extent of inquiries identified with estimations of life in strict educating. The codes of training permit instructors to address such question in a viable way so as to grant total lessons in the field of strict training. ... The advancement of fairness and valuation of assorted variety in strict lessons is a key region of obligation regarding the educators. The educators ought to be dependable in granting the strict convictions of all confidence to students. The quality of strict lessons lies in the comprehensive part of the field. The instructors are liable for non-separation of essential or explicit religion among the immense field of strict thoughts and convictions. The students ought to have the opportunity to address on any part of religion keeping due regard to the lessons of different religions too. The understudies regardless of their thoughts on various religions and culture ought to be dealt with similarly by the educators. The understudies ought to have the opportunity to raise the inquiries regarding the matter. The educators ought to appropriate equivalent accentuation to the lessons of all religion so as to achieve equity in strict lessons. The shortcoming factor is introduced by the part o f assorted variety in strict educating. Along these lines the educator additionally has the duty of overseeing assorted variety in strict lessons. The educator ought to have the option to esteem expanded thoughts and convictions of various religions. The essentials of different strict religions ought to be obviously disclosed to the students. The duties of the instructor request shirking of any predisposition and worth the broadened thoughts by building up a complete investigation of strict lessons. These are the components that impact the obligation of the educators in accomplishing balance and esteeming assorted variety in strict lessons (Gravells and Simpson, p.56). Assessment of jobs and obligations in the Lifelong learning The assessment of jobs and

Educational reform Essay Example

Instructive change Essay Example Instructive change Essay Instructive change Essay The subject of instructive change considering the web age is one that is both dubious and provocative. At the point when you take a gander at nature of sources books are respectable yet perseveringly obsolete; the web is refreshed continually and practical. The web likewise gives exceptional quantities of sources to data, though a homeroom has a controlled arrangement of educational program support from books and presents. Study hall settings additionally just give a distributed association in visual perception, with a thin extent of life encounters to differentiate assessments. The web is not the slightest bit injured in that manner, and decent variety advances imagination and development. These reasons alone are a sufficient motivation behind why I accept that instruction is better given when offered over the web. With regards to momentum data on the web, there are an abundance of spots that can assist your examination and give a plenty of information to free. Books in study halls field anyplace close to free and the books are composed from some time before the turn of the thousand years, if not before the nineties. Books are continually being re-composed, as well; they arent a practical methods for passing on data any longer. The web is continually being refreshed and peer-audited for exactness, and you clearly dont need to get it each time another source is presented. In study halls, the educator gives data through mechanisms of flyers, books, printed freebees and motion pictures. Putting aside the recently passed on purposes of cost and out dated data, these strategies are likewise limited in scope essentially by the way that it is controlled. Basically, if the instructor doesnt give another methods for the data, the understudies arent ensured to get enough. The web is much of the time similar to an expanse of data, wherever you look you can discover sources and contemplates, and regularly you can pick up similar thoughts gave in the source material and afterward some in light of the fact that there is a boundless extension available to you. The web is not, at this point the following large thing, it is the now. Each first world nation approaches some type of the web, and with it they bring their own encounters ND information. There is just no exact method to bring this sort of decent variety into a study hall setting in some other manner. Subjects like prejudice and fanaticism essentially can't exist without an extremist extent of belief system, and meeting individuals from different nations or significantly different states can help widen the skylines of information for understudies. Decent variety as a rule is exceptionally touted as an approach to tackle issues and carry new plans to the table, why wouldnt you need such something beneficial for understudies in the ext age? Without a better quality of learning, the United States will stay falling on the rundown of nations with school graduates. Obsolete wellsprings of data and constrained modes of movement are effectively to fault, and the arrangement lies before us on about each advanced cell and PC; the web is a definitive transport of school. We have to move with other formed nations into the now, not remain in 1976 when your book was printed and your educator was conceived.

The Best Weebly Alternatives For 2020

The Best Weebly Alternatives For 2020 .elementor-19761 .elementor-element.elementor-element-19761{text-align:center}.elementor-19765 .elementor-element.elementor-element-19765{text-align:center}.elementor-19767 .elementor-element.elementor-element-19767{text-align:center}.elementor-19763 .elementor-element.elementor-element-19763{text-align:center}.elementor-19771 .elementor-element.elementor-element-19771{text-align:center}.elementor-19769 .elementor-element.elementor-element-19769{text-align:center}.elementor-19992 .elementor-element.elementor-element-19992{text-align:center}Last Updated on February 23, 2020You have followed the instructions for creating an amazing blog, and it has produced amazing results!In fact, the blog has grown so much that commenters are clamoring for more content. It’s time to look for a website. Disclosure As an independent review site, we get compensated if you purchase through the referral links or coupon codes on this page â€" at no additional cost to you. Dismiss alert A lot of people have recommended Weebly, but it isn’t quite the right fit for all your needs. You want to know whether there are any great Weebly alternatives out there.Good news! There are plenty of great options available from other sites like Weebly. I’ve done the work for you and looked at a lot of different Weebly competitors to find the best one for your needs!Table of Contents Here are the best Weebly alternatives1. Wix2. Squarespace3. WordPress4. UcraftAlternative sites like Weebly comparison chartHere are the best Weebly alternativesYou might also like: Weebly review 1. WixWix has a lot of great strengths. Their templates are gorgeous. They are professional and modern, and you can search by category to find the ones that are most relevant to your industry. The Squarespace suite of themes is much more professional than any of its competitors. You get absolutely gorgeous designs and the freedom to customize them as long as you know some programming.If you want to launch an e-commer ce store, you will need to buy a compatible plan form them. Their plans scale from basic stores to large online marketplaces. These plans include lots of tools and features, unlimited storage, customer accounts with abandoned cart recovery programming, gift cards, and no transaction fees.They also have best-in-class support. Their support options are more varied and accessible than nearly all of their competitors, and you will be hard-pressed to find better.Their tutorials are housed in an online Knowledge Center that will teach you programming and design along with the basics of their site. If you have trouble learning on your own, you can talk to a person from 3 am to 8 pm EST using their live chat, and, if you need to send screenshots, an email team works around the clock to ensure that their policy of answering every email within a single hour is met, no matter how late it is.ProsThey have some of the most professional and stylish templates online.They have some amazing e-commer ce packages, and they don’t charge you an arm and a leg for them. You can use their built-in SEO tools to increase your web presence, too!You are allowed to change your mind. If you don’t like your template after your site goes live, change it, and they will import your content to the new template. This is nice for growing businesses who are still learning their look, branding, and niche.ConsThey don’t let you backup your site, so if you break something, you’re in trouble. You can’t just revert. Make sure you save your backups somewhere safe.They cost more money than several of the alternatives because they know they have a reputation for being the sleekest design.They do not offer any third-party plugins or support systems. Everything has to be done in house. Click here for current Squarespace pricing 3. WordPressWordPress is radically different from the other drag-and-drop platforms. This can be amazingor a nightmare, depending on your budget and skill. If you don’t know how to code, and you don’t have the budget for a designer, this may not be the right choice for you. 5/5 5/5 4/5 Squarespace 3.5/5 5/5 4.5/5 WordPress 2.5/5 3/5 5/5 Ucraft 4.5/5 4/5 4.5/5ConclusionThere are some good alternatives to Weebly available on the Internet. I love these four choices, and each of them offers something unique, so decide based on your needs which is the right option for you.Wix is massive and extremely popular. They are one of the easiest and most popular options online, but they charge you for the convenience. They are one of the least budget-friendly options.Squarespace is another great site, with a good balance of technical skill to ease of use. The disadvantage is that they don’t let you back your site up.WordPress offers the greatest amount of customization, with plugins for literally anything you could need, but it comes with a major drawback. Support is all over the place because each plugin has a different developer. You also need to know a l ot of code to take full advantage of this system, so it could end up costing significantly more over time in developer contracts.Ucraft is the smaller underdog with tons of features. They’ve got integrated SEO and e-commerce, so you can find a one-stop-shop for all your needs. Squarespace vs Weebly

AndAlso and OrElse VB.NET Basic Logical Operators

VB.NET features two logical operators that help make your programming ... well ... more logical. The new operators are AndAlso and OrElse and they add a lot to the old And and Or operators. Whats New AndAlso and OrElse have some properties that enhance your code in ways that previous VB versions couldnt match. They offer advantages in two general categories: You can avoid executing part of a logical expression to avoid problems.You can optimize code by not executing any more of a compound expression than required. AndAlso and OrElse are pretty much like And and Or except that they will short circuit an expression once the outcome is guaranteed. Example Suppose youre coding a test of a calculation result like this: The if expression generates a divide by zero error in VB 6 because Value3 is zero. (But see the Quick Tip on divide by zero for more on that.) It could be that the cases that result in Value3 being zero are very rare and only occur when youre enjoying a vacation a thousand miles away so you can be called back to fix the program in an emergency mode. (Hey! It happens!) Lets recode the program as a .NET program using AndAlso and see what happens. After changing And to AndAlso, the program works! The reason is that the last part of the compound If condition—(value 2 \ value3)—is never actually executed. When you use AndAlso, VB.NET knows that the expression cant succeed once it is determined that the first part of the condition—a is not greater than Value1—is false. So VB.NET stops evaluating the expression right there. A similar example could be constructed using OrElse. This analysis also suggests how you can add some efficiency to your code by arranging a compound logical expression correctly. If you place the expression that is most likely to be false in the leftmost position when using AndAlso, you can prevent execution cycles from being used to evaluate the rightmost expression. In a single test, it wouldnt make enough difference to be worth even thinking about. But if your test is inside a loop of some kind and is executed zillions of times, it could make a big difference. Knowing about these two new VB .NET logical operators can help you avoid very subtle errors or achieve subtle efficiencies.

Foreign Investment And Its Effect On The Economic Growth...

As we discuss in the second chapter, inward foreign investment is believed to boost the economic growth of host countries directly through employment creation and capital formation, and indirectly through knowledge, technology, and information spillovers. Multinationals have superior technologies, technical know-how, and managerial and marketing experiences than domestic firms. Similarly, exporting firms, domestic or foreign, have advantages over non-exporting firms regarding access to advanced technologies that are more productive and efficient. However, multinationals and exporters may not fully internalize the benefits of these assets. The benefits may spillover to domestic and non-exporting firms through market interactions,†¦show more content†¦Unlike the spillovers from foreign investment, there are a handful of studies regarding spillovers from exporting firms, particularly local exporting enterprises. The access to advanced technologies and well informed foreign clie nts compel exporters to improve their efficiency, marketing strategy, and product quality. Their knowledge of new technologies and products, as well as information on international markets and clients, may spillover to improve the productivity of local non-exporting enterprises. Exporters are also likely to create a more competitive environment in local markets that will create pressure on the non-exporting firms to improve their performance so as to stay in business and maintain their market share. A study by cite{alvarez} shows positive productivity spillovers from domestic and foreign-owned exporting firms to their local suppliers in upstream sectors (backward spillover). Similarly, cite{girma8} suggests that horizontal spillovers arise from the export-oriented foreign firms, while the domestic-market oriented firms produce backward spillovers. Besides, cite{wei} finds a positive inter-industry but negative intra-industry spillovers from export activities in China s manufacturing industry. According to the micro (firm-level) literature on productivity, there are three sources of total factor productivity (TFP) growth: technical progress, technical efficiencyShow MoreRelatedForeign Direct Investment ( Fdi )1487 Words   |  6 Pages Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a major or key element in international economic integration. Foreign Direct Investment creates a stable, direct and long lasting connections between economies. It therefore encourages the transfer of technology know how between countries and allow the host country to promote its products more widely in international markets. It is also and additional source of funding for investments and it can also be an important form of development. Foreign Direct InvestmentRead MoreEconomic Growth And Foreign Direct Investment1103 Words   |  5 PagesEconomic Growth and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Introduction: Economic growth and benefits of foreign direct investment depend on factors such as the industry and the learning curve. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is, â€Å"a controlling ownership in a business enterprise in one country by an entity based in another country.† [1] There are three strategic types of FDI: Horizontal FDI, Platform FDI, and Vertical FDI. The horizontal FDI is, â€Å"when a firms duplicates its home country-based activatesRead MoreForeign Direct Investment ( Fdi )1557 Words   |  7 PagesNations came together and eliminated trade barriers, which enabled Corporation’s to begin foreign direct investment (FDI) in other nations. This resulted, corporations transform into Multinational Enterprises. The movie â€Å"The Grand Seduction† shows the powerful impact FDI’s can have for an economy. This essay will analyze the movie and the following statement â€Å"The attraction and retention of foreign direct investment (FDI) is a complex and m ultifaceted activity for a number of different stakeholders†Read MoreForeign Direct Investment 1561 Words   |  7 PagesFor growing economies, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has momentous advantages over equity and debt capital flows. Most of the foreign firms that start their conduct of business in other countries, they not only come with capital but transfer modern technology, promote human capital by training the host country’s employees according to the change of technology to those countries, and this is the key for the development of the host country. According to author Direct Investment replicates aspire ofRead MoreThe Impact Of Foreign Direct Investments In China1306 Words   |  6 PagesOver the last few decades, foreign investors flock China to take advantage of the fast-growing market. Today, this story has slightly changed. As China grows economically, it has increasingly invested in other foreign markets. These increasing investment deals are part of Chinas plan to triple its global assets by 2020. In fact, Chinese outward direct investments (ODI) in 2015, with a value of $145 billion, accounted for ten percent of the global foreign direct investment flows (Dreger et al., 2017)Read MoreDeveloping Countries During World War II1547 Words   |  7 Pagesnations has strengthened and borrowing of poor countries from the rich countries has increased. The growing link between these two groups of economies increased eventually in addition to the increase in the rate of dependability amongst them. With the rapid growth in wealth and industrialization of the First World, only a few developing countries managed to have adequate economic growth on the line of the developed countries. Many of the developing countries which were poor at that time still remainedRead MoreSUSTAINING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE AT DELL Essay1444 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Spain’s Telefonica 1. What changes in Political and economic environment allowed Telefonica to expand globally? The changes that were involved in the political and economic environment, which allowed Telefonica to start expanding globally, were privatization and deregulation. In addition economic growth, removal of many restrictions on FDI and programs that opened to foreign investors made some countries more attractive to Telefonica for expansion. Spain’s Telefonica was established in theRead MoreA Methodological Critique of Foreign Direct Investment in Development Countries979 Words   |  4 Pageshave tried to figure out if there is a direct link between Foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth of an economy in terms of Gross domestic product (GDP) but a reliable procedure hasn’t been found yet. Sharma (2008) tends to assume that if more investments take place in developing Countries then there will be an augmenting effect on the economy and likewise if there is little or no FDI then there will be a growth retarding effect. The first part of the paper tries to see what other authorsRead MoreForeign Direct Investment: Evolutions and Trends in Developing Nations1096 Words   |  5 Pageseconomy has evolved over the past few decades in an extreme fashion, regarding investment in particular and the way globalized enterprises are now investing in the developing world to increase their production, assets, and interconnected market networks (Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries, Finance and Development/March 1999). As a result of the changing trends of Foreign Direct Investment, developing countries have either benefited from them or stood behind others without any progressRead MoreThe Impact Of Foreign Direct Investments On Developing Countries1667 Words   |  7 Pagesfederal direct investments are thought to bring a considerate amount of economic well-being for developing countries. It is intriguing to observe the true effects of Federal direct investments on developing countries. While FDI has become an outcome of a more globalized world, some countries do not see the same benefits of this phenomenon as other countries. One country that has seen a heavy influx of foreign direct investment is India. This paper briefly addresses both the positive effects of FDI on

ANTHROPOLOGY 1200PEOPLES OF THE WORLD2010onlinefinal

ANTHROPOLOGY 1200 PEOPLES OF THE WORLD FINAL EXAM Spring 2014 STUDENT NAME: ___Amanda McLaughlin________________ Multiple Choice (2 points each) 1. The Mashpee Wamponoag lost their 1976 lawsuit seeking to reclaim approximately 16,000 acres that had previously belonged to them on Cape Cod. Which of the following was not true regarding the case? a. They demanded the return of all land, including all homes constructed in the past 200 years. b. They never had legal deed to the land. c. The jury ruled that the Wampanoag Indians had no right to the land because Congress had approved the sales. d. All of the above. e. None of the above. 2. According to the information presented in class on the sex trade industry in Thailand, which of†¦show more content†¦3. As for NISA and Inequality, Poverty and Neoliberal Governance both approaches on the books information were research done by the writer. More information was given by people being able to communicate the details better. I think this was the best approach in order to get the point across correctly. 4. Racism, race and ethnicity in contemporary United States have changed a lot in the past few centuries. Our country has had our racism problems but compared to how minorities were treated years ago you can tell that we have came a long way from how people were back then. However there are obviously more gangs and violence associated with race and ethnicity. Years ago the only problem was African Americans and now there are many people hating on each other for being middle eastern, Latino and

Design Strategy Of Air-Conditioning For A Residential Building

Questions: Does the existing HVAC system or other cooling system have the capability to match with the cooling requirement of the occupants? Does the design strategy being adapted by the building is efficient in terms of energy consumption? What are the benefits of determining suitable air conditioning strategy for residential buildings? Answers: Introduction This research is based on determining the design strategy of air conditioning for a residential building. The focus of this research is to identify gaps in the previous studies available on the topic or the same research area. The air conditioning system in a building is responsible for around 50% of the energy being consumed and other 50% is consumed by other services in the building. Hence, it is essential to determine effective design strategies for air conditioning in a building. The reduction in energy being consumed by air conditioning will help to increase savings on consumption along with carbon emissions (Grondzik and Kwok 2014). In this study, the proposal for conducting research on design strategy for air conditioning in a residential building has been prepared to discuss on motivation behind the research. Further, a timeframe has also been prepared to illustrate upon finance activities along with duration required to complete the research project. Background of the study This study is based on identifying the effective design strategies for implementation of air conditioning to suit the cooling needs in a residential building. The passive cooling strategies that gains control over heat dissipation is considered as suitable for consistent climatic areas whereas in modern houses, the changing temperature is a major issue being faced by the occupants (Chua et al. 2013). The poor design of buildings often causes the heat to be trapped that increases indoor temperature. The roof area and surrounding walls of a building is considered as the most critical part due to the fact that these are exposed to heat being caused by high solar radiation. The determination of proper design strategies will help to effectively reduce the consumption of energy in a building as well as provide comfort to the occupants (Vakiloroaya et al. 2014). This particular study has been undertaken to determine the effective design strategies for air conditioning in a residential build ing so that the comfort requirement of occupants are fulfilled with respect to the changing climate. Motivation for research The developing countries majorly that are located in tropical regions have dry climate and there is existence of special problems due to extreme heat retention by the buildings if ventilation is not adequate for cooling at night. A major portion of the buildings being designed in such climatic regions are not suitable for occupants as those are poorly designed and no design strategy is adapted for the climate (Alibabaei et al. 2017). The residential buildings are often designed without considering the parameters that are responsible to ensure thermal comfort along with efficient use of energy. Hence, the dependence on artificial lighting and ventilation is prevalent in almost every residential building. However, power disruption on a frequent basis and load shedding during the summer or hot days makes the life of occupants much troublesome. The circumstance turns out to be more terrible during the hot summer days in between the period of mid-March and early May as there is gradual in crease in the surrounding temperature (Yang, Yan and Lam 2014). Amid this period, the demand in the use of electricity goes up to its most elevated amount due to hot weather and in addition the demand increases to supplement the cooling requirements in the residential buildings. The buildings that does not have dynamic strategies to meet the cooling requirements during the rising demand of energy will incur poor indoor atmosphere. This often leads to exhaustion along with issues related to health and safety (Taleb 2014). This study will deal with describing the approach for passive air conditioning design strategies suitable in residential buildings. The poor design of buildings often causes the heat to be trapped that increases indoor temperature. The roof area and surrounding walls of a building is considered as the most critical part due to the fact that these are exposed to heat being caused by high solar radiation. The determination of proper design strategies will help to effectively reduce the consumption of energy in a building as well as provide comfort to the occupants. There are two fundamental techniques for cooling of residential buildings in a tropical atmosphere and they are oppositely inverse in nature. It is imperative to comprehend the core philosophy of both the strategies to confirm that could be appropriately adjusted for residential buildings (Shirazi et al. 2016). Commonly, a plan that is genuinely dedicated to one technique or the other, cannot generally be effectively changed over into the other. The principal procedure is passive cooling. Out of the two methodologies, this is the one that can be considered naturally dependable and having a place with economical plan. Homes with passive cooling uses extensive open areas for allowing cross-breezes through the spaces very easily and utilize openings in high regions to enable warmed air to rise and escape (Kim et al. 2016). The objective of passive cooling is to utilize normal conduct of air to upgrade ventilation and diminish inside temperatures in fabricated spaces. The second techniqu e is mechanical cooling. Mechanical cooling utilizes equipment to accomplish cooling of interior spaces. Clearly, mechanical cooling can help to achieve thermal comfort by substantially higher decrease in temperatures that is not possible by means of passive cooling (Yoon, Bladick and Novoselac 2014). Despite the fact that there is energy being spent, though passive cooling utilizes no energy, this does not imply that mechanical cooling is not economics dependable. Hence, this research is based on determining the suitable air conditioning design strategy for residential buildings. Research questions The aim of this research is to study the air conditioning design strategy for a residential building. It is one of the most critical criteria or issue being faced by the occupants of building situated in a rigorous changing climatic zone. Some of the research questions that are prepared to conduct this study in details are provided as below. Objectives of the research The implementation of proper design strategy for air conditioning in residential building is an essential element to fulfill the cooling requirement of the occupants. The buildings situated in continuously changing climate needs proper design strategy for installation of air conditioning. The objectives that have been prepared for conducting this particular research are presented as below: To determine the capabilities of existing HVAC system or other cooling system for matching the cooling requirement of occupants of a residential building. To identify whether the adapted strategy is suitable for the residential building in terms of energy consumption. To evaluate the benefits of determining suitable air conditioning strategy for residential buildings. Proposed chapters of report Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter will provide a brief overview of the undertaken topic along with the aims and objectives determined for the project. This chapter will introduce the purpose behind undertaking this particular topic for research. In this section, the problems that are existing related to the undertaken topic area will be discussed to identify the gaps in previous studies on the same topic. Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter will comprise of critically reviewing the existing articles or journals on various design strategies for air conditioning in buildings. The study of online available articles and journals will help to identify gaps in the knowledge area (Attia and Carlucci 2015). This section will also illustrate upon the essential components that are required for determining the design strategy of air conditioning. Chapter 3: Research Methodology This chapter will also help to determine the various methods for conducting the research. This section will provide the information regarding the type of research that have to be conducted with the topic. Further, the discussions will be carried out on the process of data collection and sampling for the research on the topic (Chen, Yang and Lu 2015). This chapter will also deal with designing the process for research. Chapter 4: Data analysis and Findings This chapter will focus on data analysis that will be done on the data that has been collected with the help of statistical tools. The interpretation of the results gained from analysis of the gathered data will be carried out in this section. The findings from the data analysis will be provided in this section to determine the output from the research. Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations This chapter will focus on the results being achieved from data analysis and the overall research. In this section, a conclusion will be drawn to the study to summarize the results being gathered from the entire study. Further, some recommendations will also be provided in this section to suggest improvements that can be made in future study. Proposed time-frame of the research study Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors Resource Names Design strategy of air-conditioning for a residential building 59 days Fri 04-08-17 Wed 25-10-17 Selection of the research topic 2 days Fri 04-08-17 Mon 07-08-17 Researcher, Supervisor Analysis of requirements 3 days Tue 08-08-17 Thu 10-08-17 1 Researcher Feasibility study for the research topic 2 days Fri 11-08-17 Mon 14-08-17 2 Researcher Conducting thorough literature review for identification of gaps 5 days Tue 15-08-17 Mon 21-08-17 3 Researcher Identification of specific aims for the project 2 days Tue 22-08-17 Wed 23-08-17 4,2 Researcher Developing objectives related to the specific project 2 days Thu 24-08-17 Fri 25-08-17 5 Researcher Research existing strategies for design of air-conditioning 4 days Wed 18-10-17 Mon 23-10-17 6 Researcher Prepare draft budget for the project 3 days Mon 28-08-17 Wed 30-08-17 3,6 Researcher Obtaining advice/guidance from colleagues as well as other members 4 days Thu 31-08-17 Tue 05-09-17 8 Researcher Determining audience of the project 3 days Wed 06-09-17 Fri 08-09-17 9 Researcher[50%], Supervisor[50%] Preparing draft proposal 2 days Mon 11-09-17 Tue 12-09-17 10 Researcher Review of prepared proposal 1 day Wed 13-09-17 Wed 13-09-17 11,5,9 Supervisor Submission of revised proposal 3 days Thu 14-09-17 Mon 18-09-17 12 Researcher Identification of sources for data collection 4 days Tue 19-09-17 Fri 22-09-17 13 Researcher Gathering of data from primary as well as secondary sources 5 days Mon 25-09-17 Fri 29-09-17 14 Researcher Analysis of data 2 days Mon 02-10-17 Tue 03-10-17 15 Researcher, Supervisor Discussion of the findings 3 days Wed 04-10-17 Fri 06-10-17 16 Researcher Preparing report with the gathered results 2 days Mon 09-10-17 Tue 10-10-17 17,15,16 Researcher Drawing conclusion to the study 2 days Wed 11-10-17 Thu 12-10-17 18 Researcher Recommendations based on the results and findings 1 day Fri 13-10-17 Fri 13-10-17 19 Researcher, Supervisor Submission of draft report 2 days Mon 16-10-17 Tue 17-10-17 20 Researcher Review of prepared report 3 days Wed 18-10-17 Fri 20-10-17 21 Supervisor Approval from supervisor 1 day Mon 23-10-17 Mon 23-10-17 22 Supervisor Submission of final project report 2 days Tue 24-10-17 Wed 25-10-17 23 Researcher References Ai, Z.T. and Mak, C.M., 2016. Short-term mechanical ventilation of air-conditioned residential buildings: A general design framework and guidelines.Building and Environment,108, pp.12-22. Alibabaei, N., Fung, A.S., Raahemifar, K. and Moghimi, A., 2017. Effects of intelligent strategy planning models on residential HVAC system energy demand and cost during the heating and cooling seasons.Applied Energy,185, pp.29-43. Attia, S. and Carlucci, S., 2015. Impact of different thermal comfort models on zero energy residential buildings in hot climate.Energy and Buildings,102, pp.117-128. Chen, X., Yang, H. and Lu, L., 2015. A comprehensive review on passive design accounting in green building rating tools.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,50, pp.1425-1436. Chen, X., Yang, H. and Sun, K., 2017. Developing a meta-model for sensitivity analyses and prediction of building performance for passively designed high-rise residential buildings.Applied Energy,194, pp.422-439. Chua, K.J., Chou, S.K., Yang, W.M. and Yan, J., 2013. Achieving better energy-efficient air conditioninga review of technologies and strategies.Applied Energy,104, pp.87-104. Grondzik, W.T. and Kwok, A.G., 2014.Mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings. John Wiley Sons. Kim, J., business, R., Parkinson, T., Candido, C., Cooper, P., Ma, Z. and Saman, W., 2016. Field study of air conditioning and thermal comfort in residential buildings. Ruiz, P.A., De La Flor, F.S., Felix, J.M., Lissn, J.S. and Martn, J.G., 2016. Applying the HVAC systems in an integrated optimization method for residential building's design. A case study in Spain.Energy and Buildings,119, pp.84. Shirazi, A., Pintaldi, S., White, S.D., Morrison, G.L., Rosengarten, G. and Taylor, R.A., 2016. Solar-assisted absorption air-conditioning systems in buildings: control strategies and operational modes.Applied Thermal Engineering,92, pp.246-260. Taleb, H.M., 2014. Using passive cooling strategies to improve thermal performance and reduce energy consumption of residential buildings in UAE buildings.Frontiers of Architectural Research,3(2), pp.154-165. Vakiloroaya, V., Samali, B., Fakhar, A. and Pishghadam, K., 2014. A review of different strategies for HVAC energy saving. Management Conversion and Management,77, pp.738-754. Yang, L., Yan, H. and Lam, J.C., 2014. Thermal comfort and building energy consumption implicationsa review.Applied Energy,115, pp.164-173. Yoon, J.H., Bladick, R. and Novoselac, A., 2014. Demand response for residential buildings based on dynamic price of electricity.Energy and Buildings,80, pp.531-541.

Untitled Essay Research Paper From Village to free essay sample

Untitled Essay, Research Paper From Village to City Over the old ages of history, there have been many civilisations. We will look at the earliest of all civilisations known to adult male. From Village to City began in 8000BC and spanned all the manner into 3000BC. Throughout this study we will look at the 6 cardinal characteristics of this civilisation as outlined in our schoolroom treatments, and hope to convey what we have learned in a utile, and interesting manner. The development of a metropolis: The first metropolis to be built was Jericho, in the Middle East Map: This map is a image of what the division of land would hold looked like in those times. Clearly identified here, it is possible to see Babylon, Ur, and Eridu. ? Microsoft Encarta? 95. ( Appendix 1 ) . Sumer at this clip evolved into the largest city state, established by a people known as the Ubaidians. The development of the metropolis, allowed for rapid population growing due to the copiousness of nutrient. We will write a custom essay sample on Untitled Essay Research Paper From Village to or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sheep, caprine animal and hogs had been originally domesticated for usage as nutrient, non as beginnings of vesture. The chief economic activity during this clip was trade and swap. Obsidian, a volcanic glass was fashioned into razor crisp tools and arms. It was besides used as trade. Peoples who lived near Obsidian sedimentations frequently risked their lives to roll up it and finally barter it off for nutrient or money. Obsidian comes from vents and was a sort of glass, the merely of the times. The value of Obsidian was great, and so hence was the supply and demand. Salt, ore, Cu, and soaprock were accepted trade stuffs around 8000BC. Most of the Village to City civilisation took topographic point during the Cu age, when Cu was mined and used for many intents. Trade developed between different metropoliss, Jericho, Sumer, Adab, Eridu, Isin, Kish, Kullab, Lagash, Larsa, Nippur and Ur. Most of the trade consisted of farm animal and other things such as arms and nutrient. Sumerians c onstructed big temples called Ziggurats. These temples were the focal point of spiritual activities in towns. They were made of sundried clay bricks that eroded easy. Not many of these remain today. Near 4000BC, urban societies included, husbandmans, Herders, merchandisers, craftsmans, priests, debitors, creditors and societal leaders. Economic authorization in that clip took the signifier of revenue enhancement aggregation, creditors and debitors. Civil authorization was created with the usage of Hammurabi codification. Hammurabi Code is in a manner the articulation of values. It reflects the manner they believed that affairs should be handled from their times. This codification is a aggregation of the Torahs and edicts of the Babylonian King Hammurabi. King Hammurabi? s codification covers everything from loans, sedimentations and personal hurt to domestic belongings and household rights. It contains no Torahs for faith, but the condemnable jurisprudence is comparable to the Semit ic jurisprudence of # 8220 ; an oculus for an eye. # 8221 ; This codification was peculiarly humane for its clip. However, leftovers of King Hammurabi? s Code of Laws are still present in today? s society. Many people believe that the Capital Punishment contention day of the months back to King Hammurabi. Capital Punishment has been outlawed in Canada, nevertheless it is still in consequence as the chief beginning of disincentive and for cleaning up the streets in many states i.e. the U.S.A. ( in some provinces ) . Division of Labor: Since there had been husbandmans, merchandisers, etc. , a division of labor was present. As bow said, there were many occupation functions that had to be fulfilled, for the society to map. There was no existent specific information sing the usage of gender functions. However, there were certain functions that were male merely, such as huntsman and husbandman, and other that were designated for females ; namingly cookery and cleansing. Class constructi on developed as the metropoliss grew larger. Leaderships and civil authorization were in a higher category than that of the regular citizens. In this clip period besides there was bondage. Slaves, to which subsequently became more normally known as? Serfs? . Development of Writing: Wedge: Given above is some text which has been written in the signifier of Cuneus. It is engraved in a rock tablet as they had non discovered paper. ? Microsoft Encarta? 95. ( Appendix 2 ) . The first signifier of composing known, was cuneiform. In cuneiform each symbol represented a word. This authorship was developed around 3000BC, and lasted until the first century. With this development it allowed for the continuity in beliefs and Hel ped keep business and legal records. The same writing gave us a very good insight into their culture, and way of life today. Cuneus, Latin for wedge, was given this name because the symbols appear wedge shaped. This writing has been found on clay, stone, metals and wax. Earlier forms of these were pictographs, but this became too difficult, which led to the use of lines instead. Cuneiform also helped with the continuity of traditions, and passing on of heritage. Art: Urn: This Urn clearly shows the importance that art played in their lives. By this time period they had already invented the potters wheel. ? Microsoft Encarta ?95. (Appendix 3). Art was very popular during these times. This terra-cotta urn demonstrated that this culture enjoyed arts as an entertainment, use for burial or as barter. Architecture was demonstrated with the early construction of Ziggurats. House walls were plastered and sometimes painted. These same Ziggurats were used for worshipping in, and was consider ed a sacred place. Technological Advancements: The Wheel: The artifacts above are the actual first wheels that were ever invented. After the first? wheels came more advanced theories. ? Microsoft Encarta ?95. (Appendix 4). The wheel originated in early Mesopotamia around 3000BC. It was a great technological achievement. This allowed for easier travel as the wheeled cart replaced the wedge as a means of transport. Also, with the invention of the wheel came a wider trade area, increasing a civilizations reach into other areas. Seen here in the above picture, are some of the earliest models of the wheel known to man. The very first wheel that was constructed was made with the use of ball bearings on the inner portion of the wheel, which is actually a quite advanced theory. Ball bearings are commonly used today for many things. Also, Grass was harvested for seeds, with a sickle made up of flint blades set into wood. Obsidian was fashioned into sharp arrowheads and weapons. Rocks were us ed to crush grain for baking, and hammers were used to construct buildings. All theses tools allowed for better harvests and shaping of the environment. The Environmental Impact: Tools: Given in this picture are many of the early tools used for cultivating, farming, and grinding wheat. ? Microsoft Encarta ?95. (Appendix 5). Village to City populations affected the environment negatively. They over-cultivated the land, when they discovered harvesting. In some cases this was so severe, that it instigated the process of desertification. Since the technological level was not as sophisticated as other civilizations, the environment was not polluted, just over-used. This ultimately led to the downfall of some cities. It became increasingly harder to grow because the land was tired and could no longer produce the proper vitamins the plants needed to survive. Some cultures had to rely solely on the barter system and livestock reproduction for food. Conclusion: Many aspects of the Village to City civilization can be found still in today?s modern society. One of the most valuable inventions was the wheel, presently we see wheels everywhere. We would not have cars, planes, computers, literally anything can be derived from these early ancestors. The people in that time made many important discoveries, many of which are being used to date. Furthermore, if it weren?t for the advancements that were made up from our ancestors of long ago, we no doubt not be where we are today. We must ask ourselves, when they invented, did they comprehend the repercussions of their developments? In other words, did they realize that they were changing history as we know it forever. If it were not for these early inventors surely we would not be as advanced as we are now. Bibliography: 1. Davis, M. Dale. Civilizations in History. Toronto: Oxford University Press Canada ?, 1947. 2. Brown, Dale and Edmond White. The First of Men. 2nd edition Toronto: Time-Life? Books ? 1973. 3. Aiello, Leslie. T he Origins of Man. 2nd Edition. Scarborough: Prentice-Hall ? Books ?, 1982. 4. Gibson, Dwight L., Terry G. Murphy, Fredrick E. Jarman and Derek Grant. All About Law. 3rd Edition. Toronto: John Wiley Sons Canada ?, 1990. 5. â€Å"Sumerian Civilization†, and â€Å"Sumerian Culture†. Microsoft Encarta. CD-ROM. Micromedia. ?, 1994. 6. Haberman, Arthur and Ian Hundey. Civilizations. Toronto: Gage Books ?, 1993.

Multimedia and Mass Storage Installation Essay Example

Multimedia and Mass Storage Installation Essay Example Multimedia and Mass Storage Installation Essay Multimedia and Mass Storage Installation Essay How can the computers we use every day affect the environment and the people that use them? There are both positive and negative repercussions from using computers in our everyday lives. The computers that we rely on in our daily lives can be dangerous. We nave to De cutlass AT now computers are supposes AT when teen have reached the end of their life cycles. Some of the positive effects of computers on the environment are that we as a society are using less paper and killing fewer trees. We are saving gas by not having to run to the store to purchase items since people can order things online. This is done on the computer from the privacy of your own home. With computers we are able to measure the changes in the atmosphere and the effects of global warming. Negatively, computers that have been disposed of improperly can lead to harm. Computers have lead in the solder that holds the components in place. This solder can break down over time and seep into the earth and water systems. Lead is poisonous, toxic, and can harm all things that come in contact with it, including plants, animals, and humans. Other elements that are found in computers are mercury, chromium, and nickel. Computers and their components are not biodegradable so they will remain forever as a pollutant to society. Computers continue to be replaced because people want newer and faster. They will continue to fill out landfills and cause harm to everything until we realize that these systems can be recycled and dispose of properly. Obsolete computers can be recycled at electronic stores that accept them. Consumers are able to send unwanted computers back to the manufacturer to have them refurbished and sold again as such. Computes can be donated to organizations that will provide them to families who cannot afford one on their own. There are stores like Busty who offer a computer buyback option when you purchase a new computer from them. Within two years of the original purchase of a new computer Busty will purchase your old computer in exchange for a purchase of a new computer. Busty will the properly recycle your old computer in a manner that will not pose any environmental concerns. By doing this there is no longer a threat of the toxins getting into our earth or water systems. Power Supply Protection Computers cannot handle the constant power changes. It will ultimately lead to failure in your computers power supply. There are a few way to protect your computer so this does not happen to you. A computer power supply has to make up for several things when it comes to the computer power. This includes blackouts, brownouts, surges, sags, and spikes. A blackout is when the power goes out completely and does not turn back on. This is the worst thing that can happen to an individuals power at home. An uninterruptible power supply or UPS is an online device that is constantly providing battery power to the computer and being recharged by the wall outlet, Peach. Com. Since blackouts do not occur all that often, there are other devices to protect your imputer from power surges and spikes. These devices are in the form of surge protectors. Common surge protectors can protect your computer from the fore mentioned power related issues. A surge protector can protect multiple devices at the same time from the increase of power that enters your house by regulating the power that goes to your computer. If the power is too much the surge protector shuts off the power to the devices and protects them from harm. To protect your computer from under power situations a line conditioner would be recommended. I Nils would De good Tort noses Tanat nave older willing or noses Tanat eave a lot of devices on and the power fluctuates and the lights tend to dim. The line conditioner will help reduce and remove interference from the electrical lines. This will help to make sure that the computer receives the right amount of power at all times. Computers have to have a certain amount of power in order to operate them correctly. You have to protect that power supply from outside influences that can harm the computers power supply. In doing so, you can save a lot of money and headache in the future by not having to replace the power supply. Investing in protection for your computer is a wise choice. Downloading Unauthorized Software At one point or another in our lives, we have all downloaded software or files for free from the internet. There are many risks that you are taking in doing this. There are so many ways that a persons computer malfunctions and downloading software can only be one of them. One of the first risks that I am going to discuss is the possibility of introducing viruses into your computer. A virus can be made to delete files, share information when you are online, and destroy computer parts. Viruses hidden in software will do whatever they were built to do. They can easily harm the computer and make it impossible to use. Downloading programs can cause other issues beside the viruses. Installing programs for the internet that you have downloaded can slow the computer and the program that down you are trying to run. This means that the program does not respond right when trying to execute commands. Slow running programs can cause the computer to crash or freeze up, making the user have to force a reboot. Installing this program can help resolve this issue. It is illegal to download software that you do not have a license to download. If a person is caught they could be facing fines, penalties, and possible Jail time. This charge would include software piracy. Not everyone is caught and the consequences could result harmful to yourself financially, and harmful to your computer. If you are downloading unauthorized software at work on a work computer you could face being removed from you Job. You are opening up the business to potential threats from outside the company. Secrets that are contained on computers are now vulnerable. If this information gets out you could destroy the company. Most companies have policies in place and administrative restrictions that prevent this from happening but they are not completely secure. While there is all sorts of software available for download on the internet, it would be ill advised to download it. You never know what you are going to get besides the software. Some of these programs can hide viruses so well that your anti-virus software cannot detect them until it is too late. The easiest way to prevent these issues is to not download anything that you do not know where it came from. Section Two Tower Dust, Heat, and Static There are a few natural things that can harm the computer and these include dust, heat, and static. These are all things that happen inside you desktop computer. Cleaning ten Insole AT your computer Is Just as Important as cleaning ten outside your computer. You will have to open the case by removing the screws that hold it in place in order to do this. Locate the two or four screws on the back of your computer that hold the case on. You need to shut the power off and unplug the power supply to the computer before you begin removing screws. Once the screws have been removed slide the case off of the computer. You need to use your anti-static bracelet so you do not harm your computer while it is open. You r computer could look like this inside of it. Figure 1 Inside a dirty computer. If the inside of your computer looks like this you need to spend some time and clean it out. All of the dust on the fans and parts will not allow the computer to cool properly. This will lead to the computer overheating. This will kill the computer and you will have to replace it or a lot of the components because of the overheating ruining the computer parts. The easiest way to clean the inside of your computer is with a can of compressed air that can be purchased at many superstores. With this method of cleaning the inside of the computer the purpose is to touch the parts of the computer as little as Seibel. You will have a mess to clean up after you are done blowing the computer out. Another method used to clean the inside of the computer is with a cloth designed for cleaning the computer. Micro-fiber and cotton cloths would be anti-static and not harm you r computer. You would simply then wipe down all of the surfaces inside the computer removing all of the dust. This method requires less clean up from around the computer after you are done cleaning the inside of the computer. Keyboard Cleaning Keeping your keyboard clean will help so that your keys function properly and do tot stick down. This is very aggravating when you are trying to type something and you have hard to push keys or keys the do not come back up after you press them. This is why the keyboard needs to be cleaned from time to time. One of the first things you need to do is to unhook you keyboard from the computer, if it is a wired keyboard. You will then turn the keyboard upside down and shake it to remove any loose particles from inside the keyboard. While holding the keyboard upside down you can also use a can of compressed air to spray between the keys and remove particles from there. To clean the around the keys, you can use rubbing alcohol and a q-tip or cotton swab to dissolve any liquids that have been spilt inside your keyboard. Use caution with this though, it could discord your keyboard if it is too strong. Test the strength of the alcohol on the back of the computer keyboard or another place where it will not be noticed easily. After you have tested the alcohol for disconsolation, you can use a cloth or cotton swabs to wipe the keys of the keyboard. You really want to focus on frequently used keys like the shift key, enter key, and the space bar to get them clean. Once you have he keys cleaned to satisfaction you can wipe down the rest of the keyboard. If you are using a wired keyboard you will need to plug it back in to the computer tower. Your Karaoke wall stay Tunneling properly IT you take ten relent steps to Keep it clean. It will also have less germs and appear brand new for years to come. When you own or work on a computer you know the frustration that you experience when it does not work properly. Imagine if it is caused by something getting spilled in the keyboard. A general rule to follow is to not eat or drink while using your computer. Mouse Cleaning The first thing that you need to do when it comes to cleaning you mouse it to unplug it from the computer. If you are using a wireless mouse, you want to remove the devices batteries before proceeding with the cleaning. This will prevent any static electricity from traveling into the computer tower and damaging the computer. The mouse is what we use to navigate the computer. Without the mouse working with a computer is hard to do. You can start by wiping your mouse surfaces off with disinfecting wipes. You have to make sure they are not overly wet because any moisture that enters the inside of he mouse can damage it and make it not work when you plug it back in. You never want to spray any fluids directly on the mouse for the same reason. Clean the top of your mouse focusing on cleaning the cracks and slots on the top. Make sure that you clean the space between the mouse wheel and the buttons of the mouse. If there is debris in the spaces between the wheel and the mouse buttons, turn the mouse upside down and roll the mouse wheel to try to dislodge it. You might have to shake the mouse to get the debris to fall out. While the mouse is upside down you can clean the bottom of the mouse. Use a q- IP to clean out the area where the optical eye (red light) is at on the mouse. Ensure that this area is clean so that the mouse can track the motions properly. If you have an older mouse that has a ball in the bottom of it you will have to remove the ring around the ball. There are arrows on the bottom of the mouse so you know which way to turn the disk. Once you have the disk out of the bottom you can remove the ball from the mouse. You will see a couple of rollers inside of it. Clean these rollers off with a q-tip so that there is nothing left on them. You will then want to clean the ball itself off with a rag of some sort. Once you have done this you can drop the ball back into the bottom of the mouse. You will then replace the retaining ring to hold the ball in place. You can then plug the mouse back in to the computer or put the batteries back in it and turn it on. The mouse is then clean and ready to use again. Cleaning Your Monitor If you need to clean your dirty monitor or display you have to take care if it is a LED or LCD screen. The older CRT screens are glass and can be cleaned in the same manner you would clean any other glass around your house. The LCD and LED screens are more sensitive and can be easily damaged if you do not take some precautions. If this is done correctly, it can be done in less than five minutes. You need to start first by shutting the monitor off. This allows you to see the dirt easier, especially if the screen is dark in color. You will need a soft cloth like a microfiche cloth or something you would use to clean eye glasses. You ay not want to puss Nora on ten moonlit Decease tens can damage ten pixels and cause them to burn out. This is not an issue with the CRT monitors or screens that are designed to be touched. You still have to press with caution on these devices though. If the simple cloth is not cutting the oil and dirt on the monitor you can dampen he cloth with a distilled water and white vinegar mix. This mix should be equal amounts of water and vinegar to prevent streaks. The vinegar will help cut the tough oil spots on most of your devices. Companies have made special cleaner that are for use with LCD and LED screens. If you do not want to go out and buy this special cleaner the water vinegar mix works just as well. Do not use products that contain ammonia in them because this can damage your screen. Ammonia can discord the screen and cause permanent damage. Do not use toilet paper or paper towels on you monitor. This can scratch the trials that are on the monitor that give it the anti-glare feature. Once this special coating is gone it cannot be replace. Your monitors picture will also look different if this coating is scratched. It could even be distorted looking if you Just scratch areas of the screen. Section Three Hardware Replacement First Step: The first thing that you want to do is unplug the power supply and all of the cords connected to the back of your computer. Then you will need to have enough space on a desk of table to set the computer tower. You will then remove the access panel to access the inside of your computer. Once this is done you will need a camera. This is so that you can take photos of the inside of your computer. You will also need sticky notes or masking tape so you can label the wires inside the computer and what they are connected to. According to B. Rankin 2005-2012, Label everything as you unplug it so you know where things are to be plugged back in later. Take photos of this as well. These photos will serve as a visual reference when you get to reassembling your computer. Second Step: You want to ground yourself so that you do not cause any static charge to affect the components of the computer. You can do this with an antistatic wrist strap of by touching the metal case. A static discharge can make components not work any longer. Third Step: You now have to remove all of the components inside of your computer tower. Get a little container you can put all of the screws you remove from the components in so you do not lose them. Start by removing all of the cards that are attached to the mother board. This could include a sound card, video card, and memory cards. Place these parts on a clean static free surface. Fourth step: Detach all of the cables and ribbons that are attached to the motherboard and the there devices in the computer. There are usually tabs on the sides of these cords, when squeezed they will be released from where they are plugged in at. There should not be much resistance from the cords and unplugging them. Step Five: Remove the hard drive, optical drives, and anything else that will interfere with the removal of the motherboard. Set these components off to the side on a static free area as well. You will then have the motherboard completely exposed for removal. Step Six: Find the six or nine screws that attach the motherboard to the case. You will need to remove these screws and put them up for safe keeping. Place the old motherboard in the antistatic bag that the new motherboard came in for safe keeping. Install the new 1/0 panel in the case. According to bankbooks. Com, New motherboards should always ship with their own 1/0 shield, but with a second-hand replacement like were using here, you have to make due. Step Seven: Prior to installing the new motherboard in the case, install the processor, cooling fan, and memory in the new motherboard. Once you have done this, install the motherboard back into the case and secure it with the screws that you saved from the old motherboard. You are now ready to reassemble the other components of the imputer in the case. Refer back to the photos that you took in step one for proper location of the components. Power Supply Replacement When replacing a computers power supply you have to insure that you are getting the right one for you system. You have to select the right form factor or style of your computers motherboard. You also have to ensure that the new power supply has all of the plugs that you need to power your computer. You have determined that you have a power supply and it meets your systems requirements, now it is time to start replacing the US. The first thing that you want to do is unplug it from the power source. Once you have completed this you will need to open the side of the computer case to expose the internal components. The US is located to the back top of the case. You will need to label all of the wires that are coming off of the US so that you have them for reference later. Take photos of the wiring before you begin. This will save you some frustration in the end. Once this is done unplug all of the wires that are leading out of the power supply into the main board. You will then locate the mounting screws on the outside back of the case. You will remove all of the screws that hold it in place and carefully remove the US from the case. Make sure that you do not hit any of the other components inside the case while removing it. Once you have the old US out of the case you can mount the new US in the case. You will then hook up all of the new wires referring back to your photos for reference if you need to. Close your case up and you are done. Plug ten computer Dick In to ten outlet Ana turn It on. IT ten computer powers up Ana comes on you have completed the upgrade correctly. If it does not come on you will need to unplug it and open the case again to make sure that everything is plugged in correctly. Without power going to your computer you do not have a computer Just a rage paper weight. Processor Replacement When replacing a processor for any computer you need to do it with caution. There are several steps that you should follow in order to replace it successfully. If you do something wrong you could destroy your new processor and render it useless. You will then have to purchase another processor and start over again. To begin, you will prepare your computer tower for the upgrade. Shut off the computer until all of the lights shut off and all of the fans have stopped running inside the computer tower. Once you have it shut down you need to unplug the computer from the power source. Then according to Andrews, J, 2009, press the power button to drain the system of power. Once this is done, you can proceed with removing the case of the computer. Read and follow all of the manufactures directions for installing the processor. Finally, use a grounding bracelet to protect your computer and components from and static charges. Figure 1 Intel Core 17 Processor 920 and socket LEGALLY Courtesy: Course Technology/Coinage Learning Figure 1 Intel Core 17 Processor 920 and socket LEGALLY Locate the processor in the computer tower and release the socket lever by pushing it down to release it and lift it away from the processor. You will then remove the Processor cover plate by lifting it off of the old processor. You now can see the processor. With you thumb and index finger grab aloud of both sides of the processor and carefully lift it out of the computer. You should place this in the anti- static bag that your new processor came in. Pick up the new processor using the thumb and index fingers on the side of it. Position it over the processor socket. Line up the pins of the socket with the notches on the processor. Figure 2 Corner with fewer pins. Figure 2 Corner with fewer pins. There is one corner that has fewer pins. Use this as a guide for your processor position. Keep the new processor level and lower it into place on the socket on the motherboard. Be careful not to touch the pins of the processor or the socket as you could inadvertently damage them. You would then not be able to use them. The next thing you will do is apply thermal grease evenly to the raised square in the center of the processor, Hewlett Packard, 2012. You will then replace the processor cover and secure it in place with the socket lever. If you have purchased the processor fan to cool it you will locate the four holes in the motherboard around the processor. You will push the fan mounting pins through the holes in the mother board and turn them a quarter turn clockwise to lock the fan in place. Tort remove it in the future you will simply turn the pins counter clockwise. Plug the fan in to your motherboard. You can then replace the case of your computer and plug it in to the power supply. Turn your computer on and if everything went well, your computer will boot up to the bios screen. Here you can verify the processor setting and adjust them if needed. Figure 3 Verify the CPU is recognized correctly by BIOS setup Courtesy: Course Technology/ Coinage Learning Memory Upgrade To upgrade memory means to add more RAM to a computer, Andrews, J, 2009. A person would do this to help the computer open programs faster or to help to make an unstable system more stable. You will not be able to install more memory than what the motherboard allows. This being said you will need to know your systems limits. You will need to shut down your computer and unplug it from the power source. Next, you should hold down the poser key to drain the system of all power. You can then open the computer case and locate you DIM slots and existing memory cards. Use a grounding bracelet to prevent a static discharge that could hurt the computer system. Next you need to release the clips that hold the memory in the DIM slots on the motherboard. You will remove the memory stick and look at it to determine what speed and what type of memory it is that is installed in your computer. You will then have to buy compatible memory to complete the upgrade if you dont already have it. Once you have it, you can proceed with installing the memory in your computer. When installing the new RAM use your thumbs to seat it in the motherboard. Pushing down with your thumb instead of other fingers to revert the stick going down at an angle is also a good rule of thumb, Steers, K. 2007. The memory stick will click in to place and be secured in the DIM slots. Make sure they are secured on both sides of the slots. You will then be able to close your computer case up. Plug your computer back in to the power source and turn the computer on. If done correctly your computer will open programs faster and be more stable. You can go to the task manager on the computer to check and see if the new RAM is all identified by the computer. If the computer is not recognizing the ram, follow the steps for removing the RAM. Instead of removing the RAM from the computer, look to see if it is all properly in place. Make sure that it is all properly seated and locked in place. Put the case back on and repeat the power up process to check it again. Figure 1 Comatose/Comatose/Getty Images Ensure youre using a hard drive compatible with your computer. Your computer hard drive is failing and making noises when you use your computer and you feel it is time for an upgrade. You ask yourself, how hard is it to change your hard drive in your desktop computer? It is a pretty easy task providing you have taken some time to prepare for the task at hand. One of the first things you want to do is to create an image of your current hard drive or save all of the files that you cannot afford to lose on an external storage device like a flash drive or CD room. This way when you have gotten your computer back up and running you have all of your information to put back on the new hard drive. Make sure that you have everything though because you might lose the information otherwise. Power off your computer, then locate the power switch on the back of your computer and flip it to Off, Hoffman, C. 2012. Unplug the unit from its power source and depress the power key for a few seconds o rural all AT ten power Trot ten system. You wall teen open your computer case Ana locate the hard drive to the front of the case. Figure 2 A PCs hard drive subsystem using parallel ATA Figure 2 A PCs hard drive subsystem using parallel ATA Unplug the cables that are attached to your hard drive. Next you will remove the two to four screws that are holding your hard drive in place in the tower. Remove the hard drive from its location and set it out of the way. You will then get your new hard drive out and slide it into the same location you Just removed your old one from. Secure it with the screws that you removed. According to Andrews 2010, muff must be able to securely mount the drive in the bay; the drive should not move when it is screwed down. Plug the cables back in to the back of the hard drive, close the case and proceed with normal power up procedures after plugging the system back in to the power source. Reinstall the operating system from the restore Cads that came with your computer. Section Five Installing 1/0 devices is a pretty common and easy task to do now days. All of the newly manufactured computers are color coded on the back of the computer. Figure 1 Back of computer Shut the power to the computer off. Then all you have to do is match the color or the plug with the color of the slot and plug them in. Then power up your computer and the plug and play will find and install the device properly. When installing a graphic card you have to have the computer unplugged and off. You will then remove the case of the computer and locate the existing graphic card. Put on an anti-static bracelet before touching anything inside of the computer. You will then remove the screws that are holding the graphic card in the computer. Next you will remove the card and push the new card into place and secure it with the screws from the old orphic card. Plug your computer in and insert the disk that came with the new card. Your computer will then install all of the right drives from the disk. To install multimedia devices on your computer you have several options. You can plug them in to your computer with the USB ports on the computer if the device has this option. Then you would configure it as above. If it requires to be installed inside the computer, you will have to shut the computer off and open the case. You will locate the appropriate slot on the mother board to connect your device. Secure the device with the screws and plug the cords in to the motherboard. Power up the computer and install the drivers for the device. Your upgrade is now complete. A mouse is a viable component of any computer. Without a mouse it is hard but, not impossible to navigate a computer. A mouse allows you to point and click on links for easier navigation. A mouse allows you to select certain points in a document in order to edit the information. In order to install a mouse on a computer you need to start by determining what type of mouse you want. You can get a traditional wired mouse that plugs in to the ASS port on the back of your computer. You could also get

Project of Activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project of Activity - Essay Example S to maintain her confidentiality. Mrs. S is an elderly lady aged 60; she has undergone a total right hip replacement for neck of femur fracture. My patient is being diagnosed with seizure activity (ITU-HDU), Thyrotoxicosis, R THR, early onset dementia. She is under normal diet and fluids which she is being supervised. Mrs. S only requires minimal assistance as she can use the Zimmer to support herself as stated in the doctor’s assessment. I conducted my activity, bed bath with Mrs. S on the 29th March 2012. I did this activity in the presence of a nurse who has been monitoring Mrs. S’s health condition. The main objectives of conducting this activity, bed bath was to ensure my patient’s hygiene is maintained, ensure that the activity is documented, and ensure that my patient operates within a clean and health environment and to report any signs of possibility of deterioration of my patient’s heath. Making the patient more comfortable is imperative by ensu ring that patient centered approach is upheld. It is my responsibility to ensure that my patient stays safe from any risks which may come as a result of her condition. It is an obligation to ensure that the legal and ethical code of conduct is adhered to while conducting my activity with my patient, for example, maintaining confidentiality and respecting the views and suggestions of the patient. As part of ensuring that individual centered approach is applied, providing Mrs. S with a favorable environment makes her more comfortable and encouraged. My activity ensures that all dirt and soiled hospital dressing are dumped in a safe place; the incinerator which ensures that all is burnt without emitting gases into the atmosphere which could pollute the air, therefore, air pollution related health problems are reduced. According to the Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, Mrs. S requires emotional, physical and psychological needs in order for her health to improve. Mrs. S has a daughter who frequently visits her to provide emotional support as well as physical support. Her daughter is very charming which while she is around; Mrs. S is seen to be very happy and seems to have forgotten anything about her illness. Sutcliffe states that it is the role of the family to ensure patients, particularly the elderly, are shown love, care and support (2011 p.36). Physically, Mrs. S is willing be supported to stand using the Zimmer frames which are readily available within the hospital although it is quite challenging. The nurses are in a position to assist Mrs. S through guidance and counseling because she is ready to listen and develop a positive attitude. Murphy, Gretebeck and Alexander (2007, p.1068) illustrate that communicating with the patient is a fundamental need while taking care of elderly patients. My ability to communicate with Mrs. S made it easy for me to know how she wanted to be handled. The fact that Mrs. S could not stand on her own needed proper communicati on when she wants support. Mrs. S, is a strong woman since she does not let her condition affect her feelings, she is very open to share with the nurses about her experiences and is very wiling to immediately report any developing pain. Documentation of any activity done with a patient is mandatory, which is part of my aim in doing the bed bath. Cooney, et al. explains that the Roper-Logan-Tierney model of nursing requires that nurses keep records of care given

Organizational behavior Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Organizational behavior - Term Paper Example There are many factors that negatively affect the solidarity of the organizational behavior and most important of those factors are discussed in this paper while taking into consideration a Wal-Mart supercentre located in Ontario, Canada. The reasons of the success of the worldwide conglomerate like Wal-Mart are also illuminated. The factors that contribute to pandemonium in an organizational setup and that tarnish the organizational behavior and culture are identified and discussed in the paper. High absenteeism and poor motivation are distinguished as the most lethal factors that weaken the strength of organizational behavior. Various strategies are also presented that can play a major role in culmination of the poisonous factors like discrimination and reduced teamwork in an organization. This is the general consensus among employing organizations that motivating racial and gender diversity in workplaces has always been the ultimate need of the time. The more chances of diversity of cultures, races and religions in a workplace, the higher would be the rate of healthy competition among the employees. Promoting diversity is the key to improve the overall productivity owing to the positive aura built through zero discrimination. 2. Introduction: Organizational behavior involves the study of all the people working together at different levels in an organization for achieving common goals. It focuses on the individual behaviors of the members of an organization and analyzes how each of them perceives the concept of organizational culture and whether they share a common thinking approach for achieving any important target. It is an unambiguous fact that even healthy conflicts in an organizational context, which are not fraught with any ill intentions, can swiftly take a negative turn if those working in an organization start taking any critical comment as personal offence. Rotten biases and ill prejudices that are among the basic factors for polluting an organizat ion’s environment, originate from negative organizational behavior and for this purpose, deep analysis of the organizational behavior by some reputable organizational consultant from time to time is highly important. Economic crisis can result if the behaviors and creativities of the members working in an organization are channeled into individual modes rather than being channeled into a mode of common welfare for that organization. This paper lays stress on the deep understanding of organizational behavior and supports this fact by taking example of Wal-Mart discount superstores in Canada. Different aspects of Wal-Mart supercentres are discussed in this paper including their structure, culture, mission, and objectives. Conflicts in any organization can create immediate chaos if mixed with discrimination and bias, and such negative emotions demand the attention of organizational consultant, who assess the reasons of conflicts and negative organizational behavior. 3. Why Wal-M art is so successful all over the globe? Wal-Mart is basically an American multinational corporation that successfully runs hains of large departmental stores all over the globe. Sam Walton founded Wal-Mart and it was under his remarkable ruling that this small corporation changed into a worldwide conglomerate in the span of a few years. The unparallel success of Wal-Mart can be judged from the fact that it was considered to be the world’

Motivational Letter Example Essay Example for Free

Motivational Letter Example Essay This letter is to express my interest in bringing my diverse professional background and experience to your organization.   I possess excellent interpersonal skills and am effective in motivating, mentoring, and coaching others demonstrating solid leadership skills. As you can gather from my attached resume, I am currently working as a Realtor for a major real estate firm.   My professional background includes working in both the public and private sector and it demonstrates my flexibility and adaptability to work in a variety of work environments. In addition to the skills noted on my attached resume, I can also offer your organization: Excellent customer service skills and a proven ability to increase customer satisfaction. An ability to work in a fast-paced environment utilizing my multi-tasking skills. Self-motivated and goal-oriented professional dedicated to achieving personal and professional growth. It is my hope that my education and professional experience will convey to you that I have the qualifications to make a valuable contribution as a School Counselor at any institution.   Should you have any questions, I can be reached at the number listed above.

Quest For Family Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Quest for Family   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The 1950’s were a decade of growth and expansion. Growth of the middle class, expansion of religion and a growing economy kept Americans on the move- literally. Families were moving from the cities and into the suburbs. â€Å"This massive shift in population from the central city was accompanied by a baby boom that started during World War II. Young married couples began to have three, four, or even five children (compared with only one or two children in American families during the 1930’s) (The American Story, pg. 729). This style of living began making the immediate family isolated from the extended family, making the extended family a thing of the past. â€Å"For many families, grandparents, aunts and uncles, cousins, and more distant relatives would become more distant figures seen on only special occasions† (The American Story, pg. 732). These new living standards were the result of a booming economy. The economic explosion was a result of the culmination of the war- Americans were no longer faced with the hardships of the depression and could indulge in material goods. This meant television, automobiles, or any other item from the long list of novelties that Americans craved found their way into the suburbs too. Religion also found its way into these communities. â€Å"Ministers priests and rabbis all commented ...

A Newly Proposed Taxation Policy: The Fair Tax Act of 2007

Americans For Fair Taxation is a private, non-profit research and advocacy group that assembled a group of American economists to work on a federal tax code that would be â€Å"simpler,† â€Å"fairer,† and â€Å"more progressive† than before.The objective of the team was to design a new tax system that would be â€Å"revenue-neutral† and capable of truly unleashing the potential of the economy.   The new tax system was also meant to help in the â€Å"â€Å"new wealth creation for every working American.†Ã‚   The result was the H.R. 25: The Fair Tax Act of 2007 (â€Å"Executive Summary,† 2007).The Fair Tax Act of 2007 is today a proposal with the Congress.   As of the last day of the year 2008, the Act is meant to repeal both income taxes as well as payroll taxes.   According to the proposal, no individual’s income will be taxed after the implementation of the new Act.   â€Å"Capital gains taxes† in addition to the â₠¬Å"alternative minimum tax† would also be repealed.The Act includes payroll taxes of individuals as well as employers.   Medicare, federal unemployment taxes, and Social Security, would similarly be repealed when they are a part of the payroll taxes.The Fair Tax Act of 2007 further mentions corporate income taxes, gift and estate taxes, and the self-employment taxes to be repealed, thereby making it easier for Americans to enjoy their earnings and their wealth without paying the price of prosperity in taxes (â€Å"The Fair Tax,† 2007).The Fair Tax has been proposed as a replacement for the above mentioned taxes as of January 1, 2009.   The new tax is actually explained as a â€Å"national retail sales tax on all goods and services sold at retail.†The fact that it is still a tax for the government to generate revenues through, the new tax is meant to be â€Å"revenue-neutral,† which suggests that the new tax would have to be set at a level that is neces sary to generate government revenues the present sources of which would have to be replaced through it (â€Å"The Fair Tax†).The new tax would act as a 23 percent sales tax on all goods and services bought through retailers for personal consumption.   The exports of the United States will not be taxed on the principles of the Fair Tax.Similarly, business purchases of inputs are not to be taxed under the newly proposed taxation policy.   Other items exempted include used or old goods, investments, savings, plus education expenses including tuition fees (â€Å"The Fair Tax†).

Prototype modeling of smart grid technology at ciit lahore - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 27 Words: 8028 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO SMART GRID 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Definition: The smart grid system is vast collection of technologies to provide an electricity network having the ability to solve the major issues related to reliability, cost effectiveness of electric power and decentralization or grid dependency The smart grid technology using renewable energy sources transferred electricity towards user side with the concept of integration of renewable energy sources. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Prototype modeling of smart grid technology at ciit lahore" essay for you Create order 1.1.2 Why Smart Grid Technology Adopted The demand of electricity is increased so much by the passage of time, which creates some major problems related to conventional electricity network. By 2020 energy demand will be doubled from the present demand [1]. Smart grid is the result of such efforts which are performed to make availability of electricity more reliable, economical and user friendly with the concept of decentralized network due to two way communication of electricity through network[2]. The Architectural model of a 21st century power system that interconnects everyone to affordable, abundant, clean, reliable, and efficient electricity anytime, anywhere. The purpose of Smart Grid is also to integrate several renewable resources with our national Grid and enhances the efficiency; reliability and thus providing a hassle free Transmission of electric power. It also contributes to reduce carbon emissions and providing a pollution free environment. 1.2 Back Ground 1.2.1 The European Development in the Area of Smart Grid In the next three decades European member state will expend about 750 billion in power infrastructure. This amount will expend on generation and networks. The European Technology plate form was developed in 2005 to solve the problems of Network Owners, operators and users[3]. 1.2.2 Smart Grid Development in USA In USA the Smart grid developments initiated during first Bush Administration[4]. In 2002 a DOE study describes the hundred of million of Dollar spent In US power systems on transmission practices and results a proposal of construction of transformed national electricity grid upto2030 providing the best and secure transmission of electricity[5]. 1.2.3 Smart Grid Development in Australia Under the Energy Transformed Flagship the Intelligent Grid Program was launched on 19 Aug, 2008. This Program researched in the fields of Control methodologies and economic modeling for distributed generation, Social impact of Intelligent grid, New housing developments and micro grids[6]. 1.3 Design Description 1.3.1 Features of Smart Grid The most important features of Smart Grid Technology are: Integration of Renewable Sources Battery Storage option Provide electric power to both AC and DC loads Advance Monitoring 1.3.2 Proposed Methodology Above figure shows prototype modeling of smart grid system at micro level along with the integration of several renewable energy resources such as small wind plant and solar panels. The charge controllers are special devices used for the purpose to control the abrupt change in voltage and stop the reverse flow of current towards PV or wind turbine systems, and also control the charging and discharging of batteries. An integrator is also one of the most important components of our project. The function of this device to integrate powers from both energy sources in a way that during operating time of the sources loads will directly get power from these sources and at night or the time when these sources are not operating loads are facilitated through battery banks. 1.4 Advantages of Smart Grid A. Motivates and Includes the Consumer Smart Grid is a end user device it motivates the consumer to generate a free source of electricity and to utilize it in household appliances when electricity from Grid is not available. B. Provides Power Quality for 21st Century Needs It provides power free of disturbance, sags, interruptions and spikes. C. Markets Opportunities Smart grid supports energy markets that encourage both investment and innovation. D. Operates Efficiently and Optimizes Assets Smart grid is easy to install infrastructure, transmit more power through existing systems and optimizes easily with present grid. E. Reduction in cost of power infrastructure When renewable energy sources are infused into the power grid, end-use demands can be adjusted to available power supplies. The ability to manage and reduce peak demands demolishes the need for costly peaking and just-in-case power infrastructure. F. Reduced use of polluting plants Some existing powerplants are not environment friendly which is adversely affecting the environment around us. Smart grid can produce pollution free generation of electricity. G. Clean power market During serious air pollution alerts, power plants and heavy industries sometimes shut down. Smart Grid ensures you clean power options. H. Energy storage Smart Grid is also equipped with battery backup options which not only stores energy also used as grid shock absorbers as well. I. Integrate able with Energy Resources and Storage Options The system also enables plug-and-play interconnection to multiple energy resources and storage devices (e.g. solar, wind, battery storage, etc.) 1.5 Brief Introduction to chapters Chapter 2 This chapter is a survey report about renewable energy sources. Also wind and solar characteristics of Pakistan are given in this chapter. Supply and Demand gap also discussed in this chapter. Chapter 3 This chapter is about PV system. Complete introduction and types of PV system are discussed also given here the architecture model of PV system with design description. And the experimental values also mentioned in this chapter. Chapter 4 This chapter defines the wind turbine specifications. Chapter starts from introduction then history discussed and after that design description is completely described. The experimental values also given in this chapter with advantages and drawbacks of wind turbine technology. Chapter 5 This chapter covers the remaining portion of smart grid technology. First of all integrator is discussed with design after that charge controller and power inverters also discussed with there design and circuitry. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY Contents: World Wide Survey of Renewable Energy Demand Supply Gap in Pakistan Depletion in Oil and Gas Energy Sources in Pakistan Wind Energy Solar Energy 2.1 World Wide Survey of Renewable Energy Renewable energy has an essential contribution in world energy generation. So many projects are under consideration regarding to renewable energy. 2.1.1 Global Status Report This report describes the market condition, investment and targets as well as policies. The report doesnt describe analysis or conclusions, though it reveals some extra ordinary facts regarding the renewable energy . By the end of 2005 only 45 countries were included in the achievement of renewable energy targets which are increased up to 76 in 2009. According to this report last year was the best era for renewable energy. Capacity in developing countries grew to 119GW, or 43% of the total. Including Pakistan and magnolia less or more than 8-0 countries has started plantation of wind power plants at commercial measures[7]. Some achievements of the year 2008 are: In just 1 year the capacity of solar photovoltaic plants tripled to 3 GW from 200 KW. Wind power by 29% and solar hot water increased by 15%. Grid connected photovoltaic systems increased up to 13GW, wind energy grew up to 250%, 121GW and total power generation capacity from renewable energy boost up to 75%. Spain becomes the super power in the field of grid connected PV systems with inclusion of 2.6GW. Germany also takes some handy steps and added 1,5GW in their system. Some other developed countries also provide large contributions like USA(3ooMW), Italy ( 300MW) , South Korea ( 270MW) and Japan (240MW) respectively . in total 16GW is the generation of solar including off-grid by 2009 worldwide. POWER GENERATION (GW) RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN 2009-2010 RENWABLE ENERGY EXSISTING IN 2009-2010 Large Hydro Power 25-30 860 Small Hydro Power 6-8 85 Wind Energy 27 121 Tidal Energy 0 0.3 Solar Systems 5.4 13 Biomass 2 52 Geo Thermal 2 3 Table2.1 Energy Added and Exists in 2009-2010 2.2 Demand Supply gap in Pakistan If we give a look at demand supply graph then we will come to know that the difference between demand and supply is becoming wider and wider by the passage of time .the scenario in 3rd world countries is totally discriminated e.g. Pakistan. Needs are increasing exponentially but we are desperately lacking in finding out a good solution. if we have an eye view we may find 3 reasons of demand supply gap. Increase in prices of oil and gas , increase in population and increase in cost of energy . 2.2.1 Energy Demand With the increase in population energy requirements are also increasing. All the industry and the production of our daily need in dependent upon electricity . 2.2.2 Energy Supply Current eras total production of energy does not meet the current requirement of energy , though the end results are critical in the sense of increase in demand supply gap . Serious steps are needed to be 2.2.3 Energy cost If we have eye view on last few decades we will come to see the highlighted reduction in the reserves of oil and natural gas, which causes the increase in the cost of per unit production of electricity. This is also the reason of widening the demand supply gap. 2.2.4 Sustainability level The systems which are to be used for the generation of electricity must be stable, but unfortunately we have not surety of sustainability level of present system and the graph is gradually decreasing according to our present and future demands . This decrease in sustainability may overcome by using alternative techniques. 2.3 Depletion in oil and gas A large amount of electricity is being produced by fossil fuels and the present value of electricity generated by fossil fuels is increasing. According to the European energy commission and International energy the present reservoirs of oil and gas are not sufficient enough to meet the future requirements. so as the result after 10-12 years we have the depletion in the percentage of Oil using for the generation of electricity as shown in fig 2.2. As from the above it is obvious that from 1930 to one word till 2010 there is continuous growth in both oil and gas reserves but after 2010 there is deep declined. If the above graph follows the same pattern there is near future we will be totally dependent upon alternates of energy generation. 2.4 ENERGY SOURCES IN PAKISTAN The primary energy supplies today are not enough to meet even the present demand. More, a very large part of rural area does not have the electricity facilities because they are too expensive to be connected to the national grid. So, Pakistan like other developing countries in the region is facing a severe challenge in energy deficit. The development of renewable energy sources can play an important role in meeting such challenge. If we see around yourself Pakistan best suits for Solar (PV, thermal), water, wind and Wastes. These are the best renewable sources and Pakistan doesnt lack these. Pakistan can b benefited from these as substitute energy in areas where these renewable sources exist. Renewable energy Fossil fuels Nuclear power 2.4.1 Renewable energy It is energy which is produced by natural sources such as wind rain solar and geothermal heat. 2.4.1.1 Types of renewable Energy Wind Biomass Solar Wave and tidal Geothermal These all sources are best placed in Pakistan and we are not lacking in any at all , thus we can produce great amount of energy using these renewable sources , Capturing renewable energy by animals , plants and humans does not permanently deplete the resource. Fossil fuels are renewable but on a very long time-scale, are exploited at rates that may deplete these resources in the near future. 2.4.2 Fossil Fuels It includes natural gas, oil and coal . fossil fuels are lacking in Pakistan as well the world therefore renewable sources are needed to meet th essential needs 2.5 Wind Energy Wind energy is one of the best of renewable sources and probably suits Pakistan atmosphere at peak. As our project is related to wind energy as well. In Pakistan wind energy projects are working under the Pakistan Meteorological Dept with the financial collaboration of Ministry of Science and Technology which are accomplishing many such projects in Pakistan. About 3% of the total Pakistans land area is termed as good to excellent for utility scale production of electricity. Fig2.3. shows the variations of wind speeds in different areas of Pakistan Average wind speed in Lahore is 3m/s as shown in Fig.2.4 . Therefore for the prototype smart Grid system, average wind speed must exceeds the theoretical values as given in[10]. 2.6 Solar energy Its one of the types of renewable energies, as in our project we are working on solar energy, in photovoltaic system solar cells covert sun radiation to DC electricity. The provinces of Sindh , Punjab and Baluchistan and the Thar desert are specially suited for the utilization of solar energy. The solar statistics in Pakistan is highly favourable for energy generation. According to Fig2.5. the South western province offers perfect condition for utilization of solar energy. Since Pakistan locates near the equator so it has relatively high UV index as compared to other regions of the World. The solar characteristics graph in the Lahore region is shown in Fig. 2.6. Lahore city also offers suitable condition for harnessing solar energy The average sunlight hours lies between 7 to 8 hours per day which is approximately 2700 hours per annually. Graph in Fig. 3 shows the UV index of Lahore during a day time in the month of April. Usually the radiation intensity has its maximum value at noon .And value of solar radiation reaches its maximum value during the mid of summers. Chapter No 3 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM Contents: Introduction to solar panels History of PV system Photovoltaic Cell Architecture Implementation of PV system Battery 3.1 Introduction: Solar cell or photovoltaic cell is the device use to convert sunlight into electricity. It works on the basic principle of photovoltaic effect. 3.1.1 Photovoltaic effect When the photons of light falls on the semiconductor material. The photons try to knockout the electrons from the conduction bands. As the energy gap between valence and conduction band increases and when a sufficient amount of energy is projected by the light photons .the electrons knocked out from their respective atom and started to move freely. These free electrons moves towards n-side and holes created due to the deficiency of electrons in this region moves towards p-side to recombine themselves .This difference of potential allows the flow of current. The PV cell absorbs incoming light photons in p-type. This p-type layer should be synchronized in such a way that it can absorb as many as photons possible and set free as many as electrons possible, to make a radiant flow of current. In order to make and efficient flow solar cell , the surface of the cell should be kept rough to maximize the absorption of photons while reflection should be minimized in this way maximum conduction can be achieved 3.2 History The photovoltaic cell was developed in 1954 at Bell Laboratories. The first highly efficient solar cell was developed by Daryl Chapin, Calvin Souther Fuller and Gerald Pearson in year 1954 using a diffused silicon p-n junction. Firstly, cells were developed for toys and other minor uses, as the cost of their production was very high. Design of solar cells is improved day by day to utilize it for more applications. The applications for that solar panels are used are different and there are three levels of generation 3.2.1 First Generation: First generation cells are single junction devices and they have large area also having high quality with reduction in production cost 3.2.2 Second Generation: These materials are developed to address energy requirements and production cost. They reduce high temperature processing as vapour deposition, electroplating and Ultrasonic nozzles. 3.2.3 Third Generation: The aimof these technologies is to improve poor electrical performance of second generation technologies with low production cost. 3.3 Photovoltaic cell architecture A PV module consists of a silicon cell .These cell are connected in series or parallel manner in order to produce desired voltage and current .Inside a PV cell a circuit is present that is sealed from the envoi metal protective lamination .A PV panel consists of one or more modules joined together. Finally these panels are combined to make a single PV array which is a complete electricity producing unit. The performance of a PV array or its modules is rated by its maximum throughput power under S.T.C (Standard Test Condition).STC is defined as when a PV modulecell is operated under 25 C (77F), with an incident solar irradiation of 1000 W/m2 with the spectral distribution of 1.5 air mass. These are the perfect condition for a PV module to operate in , but in actual the performance of a PV module is almost 80 to 90 percent of its STC rating. The operating lifetime of a PV module is between 20 to 30 years .Most of the manufactures offers warranty of 20 or more years of its DC output power to a sustainable amount .PV modules are also lice censed under (UL) qualification test for its reliability checks. 3.3.1 Types of Solar Cell Now a days there are various types of cell materials are developed. Multi junction PV cells are made in order to increase the cell efficiency while decreasing its volume and weight. But they are far more expensive then an ordinary silicon cells. The maximum efficiency of a PV cell is achieved almost to 30 percent by doping different intrinsic material together .Example of the exotic materials are Gallium arsenide and Indium serenade etc. However silicon cells are the most common and widely used PV cells. There are three major types of Silicon cell: Amorphous silicon solar Cell or Thin Film Cell Mono-crystalline Wafers Poly crystalline Cell Amorphous Silicon Solar Cell Amorphous technology is often seen in small devices, such as those in garden lamps or calculators, although amorphous panels are also increasingly used in other larger applications. They are formed by depositing a thin film of silicon onto a sheet of different material such as steel. The panel formed as one piece and each cell is not as visible as in other types. Efficiency of an amorphous solar cell is between 6 and 8%. The Lifetime of an amorphous cell is however shorter than that of crystalline cell. Amorphous cells have current density of about 15 mA/cm2,and the voltage of the cell without any connected load is 0.8 V, which is more as compared to crystalline cells. The efficiency of amorphous solar panels is low as those made from individual solar cells, although improvement has been made over recent years to a point where they can be use as a practical alternative to panels made with crystalline cells. Crystalline silicon solar cell The maximum efficiency of silicon solar cell is around 23 %, by adding some other semi-conductor materials it can increase up to 30 %, it depends on wavelength and semiconductor material being used. Crystalline solar cells are made up of wafers like stuff, which has about 0.3 mm thick and diameter of 10 to 15 cm. They can generate approximately 35 mA of current per cm2 of area at voltage of about 550 mV at full illumination. Crystalline solar cells can be wired in series or parallel to produce a solar panel. As each cell produces a voltage of between 0.5 and 0.6 Volts, 36 cells equipped in series are needed to produce an open-circuit voltage of about 20 Volts. This is enough to charge a 12 Volt battery under certain conditions. Although the efficiency of mono-crystalline cells is slightly higher as compared to that of a polycrystalline cells, but there are some practical difference in their performance. Crystalline cells have longer lifetime than that of amorphous solar cells. In our project we have used crystalline silicon cell because they are more efficient yet lesser in volume as compared to other types of solar cell, easily available in market and it is more economical. Polycrystalline Cell Polycrystalline silicon, also called poly silicon , consists of small silicon crystals of Polycrystalline cells which can be recognized by a visible grain, a metal flake effect. Semiconductor grade (solar grade) polycrystalline silicon then form to single crystal silicon, that is randomly associated crystallites of silicon in polycrystalline silicon are converted to a large single crystal[11]. Single crystal silicon is used in manufacture most of Si-based microelectronic devices. Polycrystalline silicon can be available up to 99.9999% pure. 3.4 Implementation of PV system: 3.4.1 Types of PV system There are three types of PV system being implemented around the world depending upon its function and integration with other energy resources. Standalone PV system Grid Connected PV system Hybrid Systems Stand alone PV system This type of system is usually present in our wrist watches, calculators and in space crafts also. These are dependent totally on its self generated power through solar panels and are directly used by DC loads or AC loads through inverter. In some system battery bank is also available to store the unused power to facilitate loads during night or under low light conditions. Further more a charge controller is also required in order to avoid battery from over charging and deep discharging. An inverter is also employed to provide power to AC loads. Grid Connected PV system In grid connected type the PV module has also backed up with WAPDA line or Grid connection. In this way if load is not getting enough power from the PV module or its battery, it will switch to the WAPDA line. This type of system is most commonly used around the World. Its applications are found mostly in small industries and homes. Hybrid System In this type the PV system is also integrated with two or more type of energy resources which may or may not be renewable resources .For example a wind turbine, steam engine or a small hydro plant etc. Other energy sources can also be integrated depending upon climate, geographical location of the place and several other perspectives. These systems are more appropriate for remote applications such as military installation, communication stations and rural villages. 3.4.2 Design Methodology Our project is based on a Hybrid System Consisting of a PV module and a windmill as two renewable energy resources, we have chosen these sources keeping in mind the climate and terrain of Lahore. 3.4.2.1 Components of Photovoltaic system: Solar cell Panel Inverter Charge Controller Batteries Integrator The major component of our system is the integrator .The function of this device is to integrate powers from both energy sources in a way that during operating time of the sources loads will directly get power from these sources and at night or the time when these sources are not operating loads are facilitated through battery banks. A controller is placed in the integrator circuit that is continuously monitoring the voltage level being provided by the sources. If the load can operate single handed by either of the sources the rely will build its connection from load with that source while the energy generated by the second source is being stored in the batteries .If both sources are required to derive a certain load rely opens up its connection of both sources with the load. When both sources are not providing a sufficient amount of power to the loads the controller will check whether batteries could provide sufficient amount of voltage so, it will start delivering power to load from the battery bank otherwise an LED blinks indicating that system cannot provide sufficient amount of power and will shutdown eventually. 3.4.2.2 Solar Panel Characteristics I/p rating 1kw/m2 DC input 45W Normal Volts 12V Vpp 1 volt at SOC Length 0.685m Width 0.584m Area 0.4004m2 No. of cells 36 Length of each cell 0.15m Width of each cell 0.0513m Area of each cell 0.0077m2 Area of total no. of cell 0.278m2 o/p per m2 45/0.278=161.6 W/m2 100 Watts 0.6176m2 Area Required 0.6176m2 Table 3.1. Solar Panel Characteristics 3.4.2.3 Experimental Values This table shows the experimental results of output voltage and output current with respect to different timings and temperature variations in a day. Sr.# Time Temp C/K UV Index watt/m2 DC O/P Voltage (V) DC O/P Current (A) DC O/P Power (W) solar solar solar 1 08am 22/295 16 12.2 3.27 40 2 09am 23/296 16 12.17 3.32 40.5 3 10am 24/297 18 12.32 3.32 41 4 11am 25/298 19 12.58 3.25 41 5 12pm 24/297 18 12.41 3.22 40 6 01pm 23/296 17 12.33 3.21 39.7 7 02pm 21/294 15 12.14 3.16 38.4 8 03pm 21/294 15 12.17 3.21 39 9 03pm 20/293 14 11.91 3.27 39 10 04pm 18/291 11 11.42 3.23 37 Table 3.2. Solar Panel Throughput 3.4.2.4 Factors Affecting Output Power STC(Standard Test Condition) The electricity produce by solar cell is in DC, the DC output of solar panel is Tested under the STC that is Cell Temperature= 25C Solar Radiation Intensity= 1000 W/m2.. Air Mass= 1.5 These are the standard test condition at which Solar cell gives its Maximum Efficiency, in other conditions there is almost 10 to 15 percent of decrease in the efficiency of cell with respect to its STC rating. Temperature Output power of the solar cell is inversely proportion to the increase in temperature of the cell. For a crystalline module , a typical temperature reduction factor proposed by CEC is 89 percent which means 95 watts module will typically provide 85 Watts (95watts*0.89=85watts) under sunlight conditions during summer seasons. Mismatch and wiring Losses The performance of the system can be affected due to mismatch of module connections. The loss in power also depends upon the increase in length of wire between source and load. As the distance between source and load increases losses also increases. Therefore the distance should be kept minimal to get maximum power throughput. DC To AC conversion Losses Since our system produces DC power and to facilitate AC load an inverter is also employed. Inverter converts DC power to AC and it may also cause losses due to this convergence. This results in Loss of generated power. 3.5 Batteries The energy used produced by the system remains unused is saved in the batteries. This saved energy can be utilized when the system is not providing direct power from the sources under low light or during night. Since the batteries used in our system is often charged/discharged this is the reason we havent preferred car batteries for our system also they takes lots of space and maintenance is also required for these type batteries. We are looking for a less or maintenance free batteries for our system yet it can be easily carried to different places and also it should be long lasted[12]. 3.5.1 Types of Batteries Sealed Gel Cell Lead Acid Battery: In sealed gel cell or VRLA battery fumed silica is an additive to the electrolyte, which hardens the liquid to form a gel. This ingredient dries the gel until fissures develop between the anode and the cathode. These cracks provide the path for conduction. This type of battery is used for PV system. It is durable, maintenance free and has long life. Charging Pb+2H2 SO4+PbO2=======PbSO4+2H2 O+PbSO4 ======== Discharging Dry Cell Battery This battery is used with the windmill. It is a common zinc-carbon battery. It consists of a paste which has enough moisture in it to function. Since it does not have electrolyte in liquid form so, it doesnt leak or drip out when handled roughly. It is economical and is suitable for portable devices. 3.5.2 Charging and Discharging Time of Battery SOLAR: Since P=vi = I = P/v = 45/12 = 3.75 A Battery is 40 Amp-hours, 12v Energy stored in Battery= C=iT Where T is mean time to charge the Battery T= C1/i =40AH/3.75A = 10.66 hours Therefore C1 = 40*0.8 = 32AH We can only discharge up to 80% of battery CHAPTER 4 WIND TURBINE Contents: Introduction to wind turbines History of wind turbines Design Description Experimental Values Battery Charging Time Advantages and Disadvantages Economical View 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Definition The machine which transforms the kinetic energy in the wind to mechanical energy in the shaft and finally into electrical energy in a generator is known as wind turbine. Due to sun heat air is heated and rises leaving a vacuum and cooler air from surrounding rushes in to fill it up. This movement of rushing air is known as wind. And wind energy is the energy contained in the force of wind blowing across the earth surface. 4.1.2 Types There are two types of wind turbine Vertical axis wind turbine Horizontal Axis wind Turbine Vertical Axis Wind Turbine There is vertically aligned shaft in this type of wind turbine. The most important advantage of this type of turbine is that there is no need for the turbine to be pointed into the wind for effectiveness. These Wind turbines Are used on sites that exhibits variable wind direction. A wind force from any direction can be used by this device. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine This type of machine houses an electric generator and the main rotor shaft at the top of the tower. To produce electricity, both need to be pointed in the wind. A wind vane for small motors and a servo motor for large turbines is used. The rotation of blades controlled by gear box which increases the rotational speed of wind blades. 4.1.2.1 Why Horizontal Axis wind turbine is better than Vertical Axis? The most frequently used design in wind farms and for home turbines is horizontal axis wind turbine. In this design blades are perpendicular to the direction of the wind and receiving more power for the purpose of rotation. The problem with the Vertical axis wind turbine is that the torque created by its shape added some stress on the tower that making it unreliable. The maintenance and installation of horizontal axis wind turbines is easy. 4.2 History 4.2.1 Early History Up to 1875 First wind turbine is used in Persia for grain grinding or water pumping and of the type of Vertical axis turbine. According to the first documentation of wind mill grain grinding is the wind mill application. About 2000years ago grain grinding is also the wind mill application in China but there Vertical axis wind turbine is used. 4.2.2 Role of Smaller Systems At the subsistence level the most important application of the wind mill is the mechanical water pumping using relatively smaller systems having rotor Diameter from one to several meters. During the 19th Century these systems are perfected in the United States. The Aermeter and Dumpster Designs are still using now a days in United States. 4.3 Design Description Wind is the important factor for designing a wind turbine. Wind strikes on he blades and they convert wind energy into rotor rotational energy. The block Diagram of wind turbine is shown as; 4.3.1 Wind Speed 4.3.1.1 Wind Varies With Height First of all speed of wind is very important. At ground level wind speed is no more but as height increases wind speed also increases because the obstacles such as buildings vanished as move upward. This is the important relationship of wind speed and height. The standard height is 10m for meteorological observations. At a very low speed it is very difficult for turbine to rotate and at high speeds there may be faced damages At sea level density of air is 1.23kg/m3. This density will decline as the altitude increases. The graph below showing the density variation with altitudes. 4.3.1.2 Wind Speed Output Power Power Generated by the wind is determined by following equation. 3 Where, Density of Air=3 Swept Area= 2 Wind Velocity= 4.3.2 Wind Blades 4.3.2.1 Number of Blades In this project horizontal axis wind turbine has 3 blades to extract energy from wind. Reason is that stability of wind turbine. A rotor having an even number of blades facing stability problems. Because when the uppermost blade bends backward due to the reason it gets maximum power from wind, the lowermost blade passes in front of tower and in the wind shade. If wind speed and tip speed ratio is constant the two bladed turbine has high RPMs, but low power output and cost than three bladed turbine. Another disadvantage of two bladed wind turbine is that it will receive higher wind at the top than bottom. This causes a vibration problem caused by couple different reasons. And vibration in wind turbine is undesirable[15]. The three bladed turbine solve all problems. Any thing more than 3 blades add drag force. When moving in the air blades are efficient that move at least here times faster than the wind speed. 4.3.2.2 Material of blades Wind turbine have blades of different materials. Blades may be made by wood, PVC, Aluminium alloy, fiber glass. Each material has its own characteristics. Wooden blades are easy to make and easy to destroy. Wooden blades are used in simple and small wind turbines. PVC blades have light weight and easy to install but used only for small wind turbines. Aluminium alloy blades not unusual blades material for small wind turbines. And mostly used for 1kw-5kw rated wind turbines. Fiber glass is the popular material. It is difficult to use it for home or small industry turbines because it is expensive. In this project horizontal axis wind turbine has 3 blades made by PVC. Because PVC material is used for small wind turbines due to the reason it is light weight and cheap material. 4.3.2.3 Design of Blades Wind turbine blades are working by generating lift due to their shapes. Wind blades have one side more curved that is generating low air pressure. While on the other side of blades high pressure air pushes. In the result a force acting perpendicular to the direction of flow of air. As the blade is turned to present it self at a greater angle to the wind the lift force increases. This angle is called Angle of Attack. But at very large angle of attack blades stalls and Lift force decreases. So there is optimum angle of attack to generate maximum lift[16]. A drag force also acting parallel to the wind flow and increases as angle of attack increases. If airfoil shape is good the lift force is greater than drag force. And at an angle slightly less than maximum lift angle the blade is at its maximum lift to drag ratio. 4.3.2.4 Length of Blades The length of blades determine by following equations; 3 2 3 Where; P is the rated output power A is the Swept Area R is the Radius of wind blades Wind speed is the most important constrain nature put for the wind turbine. We not have any control on it. Second constrain is tip speed ratio (TSR), set by designers. TSR number for the given wind speed is always set high as possibly so that more power extract due to high rotation. TSR value is not set as high as it causes wind turbine damages. TSR and other parameters are closely related by the following equations; Where; Nis the revolutions per minute Ris the Radius of wind blades Number of Blades 3 Material of Blades PVC TSR 5 Blades Efficiency 0.4 Blade Radius(ft) 2 Wind Speed(m/s) 5 Power(watt) 35.6 Rotational Speed(RPM) 392 Torque(Nm) 0.87 Table 4.1. Wind Blade Design Description Radius(ft) Chord(inch) 0.2 21.084 0.4 10.536 0.6 7.032 0.8 5.268 1.0 4.212 1.2 3.516 1.4 3.012 1.6 2.64 1.8 2.34 2.0 2.112 Table4.2 Wind Blade Calculations 4.3.3 Wind Turbine Generator 4.3.3.1 Types AC Generator DC Generator In this project DC Generator is used and output power of DC generator is converted into AC by using single phase 220V AC inverter. DC Generator 4.3.3.1.1 Introduction The energy conversion from mechanical to electrical is called generator action. Electromagnetic Induction When the conductor cuts the magnetic field of lines, as a result a voltage induced in it. This is the basic principle of electrical generators. 4.3.3.1.2 Motional Voltage In the magnetic field when the conductor moves from initial position to final position , the motional voltage can be expressed as; Where; e induced voltage in V B magnetic flux density in Wb/m2 L active length of conductor in m V speed of conductor in m/s angle between conductor and magnetic field 4.3.3.2 DC Generator Construction DC generator is made by the following components; Stator Rotor Armature Windings Commutator Brushes Induced emf of a DC Generator According to Faradays Law of electromagnetic induction; The product of emf per conductor and the number of conductors in series per parallel path is equal to the net emf induced. The electromagnetic torque will be; Where; Ec induced emf per conductor inV Eg induced emf in V P number of polls of generator flux per pole in Wb N speed in rpm Z total number of armature conductors A number of parallel paths 4.3.3.3 Theory of communication During the operation of generator the coils or conductors moves from one pole to another. The direction of current in the coils reverses by the combined action of commutator and brushes. The brushes are fixed on commutators segments. When the coils rotate in clockwise direction the brushes move from one segment to another. 4.3.3.4 Voltage regulation of a DC Generator As the generator load increases it is used to identify the change in terminal voltage. It is also defined as change in voltage no load to full load and expressed in mathematical form As; 4.3.3.5 Types of DC Generator DC generators are of two types. Separately excited DC Generators Self Excited DC Generators Self excited DC Generators are further categorized as; Series Generators Shunt Generators 4.3.3.6 Losses of DC Generators DC Generators has some power losses as; Copper Losses Iron Losses Mechanical Losses Eddy current Losses Hysteresis Losses 4.3.3.7 Efficiency of a DC Generator Efficiency is the ratio of output power and input power. Efficiency of generator has dependency on load. Generator Output Variable loss Constant loss Input Power Generator Efficiency Efficiency will be maximum when he constant loss will be equal to variable loss. 4.3.3.8 Design Description Wind Turbine Startup Wind speed 1.5-2m/s Generating Power 200W Generator Weight 5kg Out put voltage is variable so it is synchronous Permanent Magnet motor Rated Power(Watt) 24.92 Rated Voltage(V) 12 Startup wind speed(m/s) 1.5-2 Rated rotating speed(RPM) 358 Rated wind speed(m/s) 5 Security wind speed(m/s) 35 Rotor Diameter(inch) 1.3 Generator material Casted Iron Generator type Synchronous Table 4.3 Wind Turbine generator specifications The efficiency of our generator must be 0.7* Rotor net output power. So, if Rotor output power is 35.6 Watt. Then Generator efficiency will be 24.92 Watt. 4.3.4 Tower Wind turbines are mounted on tall towers to capture more energy. Towers are made by tubular steel or steel lattice because wind speed is higher and less turbulent on 30m or more above ground. Wind speed is faster at high altitudes than low altitudes. From 10m to 120m wind speed is easily observed so towers are mounted in this range. At high altitudes wind density is less than at sea level but this is negligible because in the equation power is proportional to square of velocity but proportional only to density[17]. In this project tower has 48mm diameter and length of tower is kept at 4ft. Because tower must be minimum two times greater than the radius of wind blades. 4.4 Experimental Values These values of wind turbine are taken on different timings in a day of 13May,2011. These values shows that variations of wind speed on effected on output power of wind turbine. By using 12V-3A battery as a load the experimental values are given below; Timing Output Voltage(V) Output Current(A) Rotational Speed(RPM) 08AM 9.61 0.12 257 09PM 12.84 0.48 358 10AM 14.25 0.61 478 11AM 17.32 1.14 635 12PM 13.8 0.54 427 01PM 9.5 0.1 248 04PM 11.9 0.35 311 Table 4.4 Experimental values taken on different timings on 13May,2011 4.5 Battery Charging And Discharging Time For Wind Turbine : Battery is 80 Amp-hours, 12v Since P=vi = I = P/v = 200/12 = 16.67 A Where T is mean time to charge the Battery Energy stored in Battery= C=iT T= C2/i = 80AH/16.67A = 4.799 hours we can only discharge up to 80% of battery Therefore C2 = 80*0.8 = 64AH After integrating both energies stored in the batteries C = C1+C2 = 32AH+64AH = 98AH Output load = 200W (AC) Time to utilize the total batteries power = T = C/i = Since P=vi = i= P/v =200/12 = 16.67A 98AH/16.67A = 5.88 hours 4.6 Advantages and Disadvantages 4.6.1 Advantages Wind blows day and night which allows wind mill to produce electricity throughout a day. As wind speed varies energy output from wind turbine also varies. Wind energy is domestic and this renewable energy has a little environmental impact. Land used for wind farms can also be used for other profitable activities such as farming and forestry. The decreasing cost of wind power ensure that it will become a viable energy source in U.S and worldwide also. Compared to solar panels wind generators do not take up that much space. Wind turbine is the alternative energy source and prove to be a great resource to supply energy to rural areas[18]. 4.6.2 Disadvantages Wind turbine depends on wind, if there is no wind there is no output power. Some blades have a span of 100ft or more. If they are moving with high speed just like a propeller it is difficult to see them. So with such height and high speed birds fly into the blade path and get killed. Sounds from wind speed Increasing tip speed causes less sound The closest neighbour should be at 300m almost experiences no sound. 4.7 Economical View The cost of typical wind turbine rated 600kw is $450,000. Installations costs are approximately $125,000. There fore total cost will be $575,000. The average cost for large, modern wind farms is about $1000 per kilowatt electrical power installed. Modern wind turbines are designed to work for 120,000 hours of operation throughout there design life time of 20 years. Maintenance costs are 1.5-2 percent per years. CHAPTER 5 IMPLEMENTATION Contents: Integrator Charge Controller Power Inverter Results Conclusion and Future Work 5.1 Integrator 5.1.1 Introduction 5.1.1.1 Definition An integrator is a circuit which is bringing together subsystems into a whole and ensuring that those subsystem work together, the practical known as System Integration. The integrator (hybrid) system is combine two or more than two subsystems and give continues and reliable power. And store the power by using the battery bank. 5.1.2 Back ground history As we know the renewable energy in the form of wind turbine and solar panel has been around for over 100 years. But first it use apart with each other. But the integrator(hybrid) system are introduce after 1990 AD. In Dec 1992, this involved the German Agency for Technical Operations(GTZ) in co-operation with the Indian institute of technology in new Delhi. The follow-through has been the implementation of a plan to introduce a wind-solar hybrid system for application in rural households throughout in India. Aug 2001- UNTRON was selected by IT Power for electrification of an island of coast of Pondicherry through use of wind-solar hybrid system. This project was completed in Aug 2001 and till dated has proved 100% availability. Aug 1, 2006- In Texas, the Bush land team designed wind-solar and biodiesel hybrid system. July 10, 2008- Sea party Technology Co Ltd was incorporated on 10 July, 2008 in Taiwan as a private limited company. Company will integrate wind-solar power supply system. June 2009, Hunan University signed an agreement into another technology research on wind -solar hybrid power control system. 5.1.3 Design Description 5.1.3.1 Feature Integrator is heart of Smart Grid. Our integrator deliver the uninterruptable power and provide regulated 12.3v DC voltage to load and 14.3v dc to battery bank. Automatic switch the sources. one source give power to load and at the same time second charge the battery bank. The voltage are regulated at 12.3v at load terminal. So, when load increase the voltage drop occur across the terminal of load. The system not damage so by sensing the voltage load switch at other source. Because the sources are variable so, If the load more than the capacity of wind turbine the load automatic switch on solar panel and orange led on and vice versa. If load does not drive from both sources than load switch at battery bank and green led is on. If both power sources and battery bank not provide the power than the system auto shutdown and red LED is on. Our integrator give above 80% efficiency. 5.1.3.2 Components We use 1N4001 blocking diode, which block the reverse current that in night the when solar panel is off and generator of wind turbine not rotate as load. For automatic switching we use DC 12v relays with the help of pic16f877A and BC338 transistor. we use LM7805 provide fix 5v input to microcontroller And using internal ADC of pic16f877A microcontroller and programmed as such that it sense the voltage level and switch the relays. for voltage regulation we use 1N5243 13v zener diode and D1047 power transistor which pass max 12A current. At load terminal we use 6800uf capacitor because when relay switch the load do not off. For voltage sensing we use potentiometer. 5.2 Charge controller 5.2.1 Introduction Charge controller is a circuit which control the charging and discharging of battery. 5.2.1.1 Preventing Overcharge We use the led Acid battery. When terminal voltage of our battery goes up to 13v it supposed to b battery full charge. We use internal ADC of pic16f877A microcontroller which sense the voltage. When voltage goes up to 13v the controller switch off relay which is at the input of charge controller. And no more current flow and charging also stop and orange led is on. And switch on the relay which is at the the output side which indicate that the battery available for use. 5.2.1.2 Preventing Discharging And at the same method when battery voltage is 11.7v supposed to b that the battery is half empty. And relay1 switch on. And relay2 also switch on for battery availability. At this time the led green is on. But if battery voltage below to 11v it suppose that battery empty than relay2 is switch off, that the battery not available for further use. And the Red led is on. 5.2.1.3 Design of charge controller using pic16f877A By using internal ADC of pic16f877A microcontroller we sense the voltage from potentiometer. And fix the level of voltage 13v for stop charging and 11v for stop discharging. We use two relays, pic16f877A and LM7805 for fix 5v for input voltage of pic16f877A microcontroller. 5.3 Power Inverter 5.3. Introduction 5.3.1.1 Definition An inverter is a electronic circuit that convert DC(direct current) into AC(alternating current). The converted required voltage and frequency with the use of transformer, oscillator and power transistors. 5.3.1.2 Types There are three types of inverter as follow, Square wave inverter Modified sine wave inverter Pure sine wave inverter We use square wave inverter because it has more efficiency and low power consumption and low costly than others. 5.3.2 Components We use LM7809 for fix 9v at which IC CD4047 operate and a square wave produce. the square wave input to c1061 NPN power transistor and the output of c1061 is the input of 2N3055 NPN power transistor. We use four c1061 and six 2N3055. We use a center tap transformer which step up the voltage from 12v Ac to 220v Ac. Our circuit is of 500w power, but the transformer of our circuit is very small which give only 1A current at 220v. so the power of our circuit is 220w maximum. 5.3.3 Drawbacks The main difference or drawback of this type of inverter is that it only use for non-inductive load such as bulb etc. It is not used for inductive load such as household fan, motor etc. 5.4 Results Sr.# Time Temp C/K Turbine RPM UV Index watt/m2 DC O/P Voltage (V) DC O/P Current (A) DC O/P Power (W) DC O/P Power (W) AC O/P V (V) AC O/P I (A) AC O/P Power (W) Efficiency Wind Solar Wind Solar total Wind Solar Total Whole system % 1 08am 22/295 257 16 9.61 12.2 0.12 3.27 3.39 1.15 40 41.15 37.45 219 1.02 225 90 2 09am 23/296 358 16 12.84 12.17 0.48 3.32 3.80 6.16 40.5 46.66 41.2 219 1.02 225 88 3 10am 24/297 478 18 14.25 12.32 0.61 3.32 3.93 8.7 41 49.7 42.3 219 1.01 223 85 4 11am 25/298 635 19 17.32 12.58 1.14 3.25 4.39 19.75 41 60.75 58.6 219.1 1.04 229 93 5 12pm 24/297 427 18 13.8 12.41 0.54 3.22 3.76 7.45 40 47.45 42.3 219.2 1.05 232 89 6 01pm 23/296 248 17 9.5 12.33 0.1 3.21 3.31 0.95 39.7 40.65 35.47 219.3 1.06 237 87 7 02pm 21/294 101 15 5 12.14 0.02 3.16 3.18 0.1 38.4 38.5 33.43 219.5 1.08 239 88 8 03pm 21/294 291 15 10.4 12.17 0.17 3.21 3.38 1.8 39 40.8 35.6 219.5 1.08 240 89 9 04pm 20/293 311 14 11.9 11.91 0.35 3.27 3.62 4.16 39 43.16 38.1 219.4 1.08 239 89 10 05pm 20/293 730 11 19.16 11.42 1.25 3.23 4.48 23.95 37 60.95 56.75 219.5 1.07 237 93 11 06pm 25/298 845 20 20 11.6 1.31 3.2 4.51 26.2 37 63.2 59.1 219.5 1.07 237 93 5.5 Conclusion and Future Work 5.5.1 Summery At the end of this project , there is an integrated system of wind turbine and solar panel at COMSATS Lahore campus. The wind turbine vary the voltage from 0v to 24v and the solar is maximum 16v. the integrator automatic switch with respect to load. If there is no load the system will store the energy into battery bank. And for storing energy we use charge controller for stop overcharging And discharging of battery bank. when we required more power we use battery bank. Because the both power sources provide DC power and most house and office appliances are AC. So we use a power inverter to convert DC power into AC power. We use a square wave inverter. Which have better efficiency than others. But the drawback is that we not use inductive load such as motors etc. We use only non-inductive load such as bulb etc. 5.5.3 Future work There is a integrated method which we use. By this method we expand the whole system such for an small village. Because the solar-wind hybrid system more efficient in rural area rather than urban area. This method we integrate more than two systems such as biomass, diesel, solar, wind at micro level which is called smart grid. And further we integrate at macro level such as with conventional grid. By using these renewable sources we make some small smart grid stations at micro level and destroy the present energy crisis particularly in Pakistan.